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Desde la antigüedad, las esponjas marinas han sido uno de los grupos de invertebrados más abundantes en diferentes partes del mundo en especial en las raíces sumergidas de Rhizophora mangle. En el Caribe colombiano los poríferos se caracterizan por mostrar diferentes patrones de distribución según el ecosistema en el que se encuentren, sin embargo aunque los grupos de invertebrados marinos como las esponjas, han sido poco estudiados a pesar de ser uno de los grupos más biodiversos y que cumplen principales funciones en los ecosistemas acuáticos (Soest et al., 2012).la mayoría de las investigaciones son enfocadas en el ámbito taxonómico, dejando a lado aspectos ecológicos de interés. El presente trabajo evaluó la abundancia, distribución vertical y morfología espícular de la esponja Amorphinopsis atlantica en raíces sumergidas de Rhizophora mangle en la bahía de Cispatá. Se realizaron cuatro salidas a campo en los sectores: Punta Nisperal, Caño Dago y Zarapa, dos en época seca y dos en lluvia. Por cada muestreo, en cada sector se seleccionaron 30 raíces de R. mangle, las cuales se les midió el largo y ancho, posteriormente se dividieron por horizontes (10 cm) y se contabilizaron los individuos de A. atlantica asociadas. Para el análisis espícular se recolectaron 16 individuos de A. atlantica por sector y en laboratorio se procedió a determinar mediciones espículares. A lo largo del estudio se contabilizaron 576 individuos de A. atlantica en 360 raíces. Los mayores valores de abundancia se presentaron en los sectores de Zarapa con 260 y Caño Dago con 149 individuos y el menor valor en Punta Nisperal con 167 individuos respectivamente. A nivel temporal, los mayores valores de abundancia se presentaron en el sector Zarapa para el mes de noviembre (n=102) y los menores valores para Caño Dago en marzo (n=28). El sector Zarapa presento las raíces con mayores valores de largo, ancho y área. Posteriormente, A. atlantica se distribuyó principalmente en los horizontes de 20 a 50 cm, encontrándose en la parte intermedia de las raíces durante época de lluvia y en la parte superficial durante la época seca. En cuanto a la morfológica espícular, se midieron 540 espículas oxeas y 540 estilos, encontrándose que el largo de ambos tipos de espículas fue mayor en Zarapa, y que el diámetro de las espículas oxea y estilos fue mayor en los sectores Caño Dago y Punta Nisperal con valores de 7.48± 1.69 y 4.88±1.62 µm respectivamente. Este trabajo demuestra que las raíces sumergidas de R. mangle son un hábitat adecuado para el establecimiento de la esponja marina A. atlantica en la bahía de Cispatá.

En el medio marino, las costas son reconocidas por su alta diversidad de especies, provocada por las variaciones naturales históricas y ecológicas que permiten la presencia de taxones de diferentes regiones. Sin embargo, la falta de información sobre la diversidad de ha sido un obstáculo para el desarrollo e implementación de estrategias, planes y metodologías de conservación. La bahía de Cispatá está ubicada en la zona litoral del Caribe colombiano, al costado suroccidental del golfo de Morrosquillo, específicamente en la región baja del delta del río Sinú, donde se localizan las formaciones más importantes de bosque de manglar del departamento de Córdoba, por la convergencia de dos grandes ecosistemas. El orden isópoda es uno de los grupos con mayor diversidad de los crustáceos y estos ocupan múltiples hábitats; desde marinos hasta continentales terrestres. Los isópodos juegan un rol ecológico importante en la cadena trófica como alimento y la desintegración de la materia orgánica. Se evaluó la diversidad y preferencia de microhábitat del orden en la bahía de Cispatá, de marzo a octubre del 2021. Para esto se realizaron cuatro muestreos en los meses de marzo (época seca), julio y junio (inicio de lluvias) y octubre (época lluviosa) en playa Nisperal, empleando metodologías de colecta para distintos microhábitats (hojarasca, raíces de manglar, algas y arena (playa)). Los resultados registraron la presencia de siete especies y una morfoespecie, con un total de 395 individuos. El microhábitat que tuvo mayor número de especies e individuos fue la arena (playa) con seis y 342 respectivamente, seguido por raíces de manglar con dos especies. En cambio, el microhábitat con menor número de especies y de individuos fueron hojarasca y algas. Por último, los resultados demostraron asociaciones entre los isópodos y los microhábitats en la bahía de Cispatá, siendo raíces de manglar y arena (playa) el microhábitat más utilizado frecuentemente. En este estudio se documentan 5 registros nuevos de isópodos para el Caribe colombiano: Natatolana gracilis, Littorophiloscia culebrae, Ligia (Megaligia) exótica, Exosphaeroma alba y Exosphaeroma diminutum, así como dos ampliaciones del ámbito geográfico para dos especies.

Historical biogeography in essence is the study of the geographic distribution of organisms in terms of their evolutionary history. Studying the relationship between geographic space and species diversity provides an important tool to understand at least in part the speciation process, especially in very diverse and widely distributed groups, such as the species of the genus Craugastor; which, not only present particular characteristics of life history, but also of evolutionary history. This introduces great tension when trying to understand how the northsouth recolonization events occurred above oceanic waters. The group of species Craugastor fitzingeri, which includes eight species distributed from northern Central America to northern South America, is of Central American origin; Therefore, six hypotheses related to the biogeographic history of this species (I,II,III,IV), a phylogeographic analysis (V) and environmental comparisons of the niche of said species (VI) were tested. To analyze the phylogenetic relationships and the divergence times of the species of the group, a phylogeny was carried out under Bayesian inference with estimated divergence times. In order to identify the most important events in the diversification of the east and its relationship with the geological and/or biogeographical history of the continent, a ancestral ranges reconstruction was carried out using the S-DIVA method, and the biogeographical regions established by Morrone (2014). Once these two points were analyzed, different paraphyletic groups were observed eventhough the C. fitzingeri clade was monophyletic (Pp=1); therefore, C. longirostris was taken as a case study to review how much molecular variation could be recorded in a widely distributed species. For this, the calculation of genetic distances (Tamura-Nei), a phylogenetic tree under Bayesian inference for the species and an analysis of genetic structure (Fst) were performed. Finally, the environmental niches of the species of the group were compared, using a niche equ ivalence test and a niche similarity test. Hypotheses I and II were fulfilled, since the dispersion was the most important event to explain the diversification of the group, in addition to having correspondence with the geological events of the continent. The phylogenetic relationships of the group were not very clear, but three independent lineages could be distinguished in the Colombian Chocó for C. longirostris, so it is possible that adaptations are taking place at the local level. The Fst values were close to 1, thus confirming that a case of directional selection may be occurring, at least for the Colombian C. longirostris populations. The comparisons in the environmental space, although they were not conclusive, allow us to infer that ecological 10 studies should not be separated from the genetic processes and the phylogeographic patterns of the species. It is also recommended to include more genetic information that covers a greater range of distribution for each species, added to a greater diversity of genes.

The supply of agricultural fertilizers as nutrient media, lead to a high growth of microalgae, reflecting as an important and efficient source for the production of crops of these organisms. This study evaluated the population growth of Chlorella minutissima under the incidence of NPK and Remital agricultural fertilizers; a first phase was carried out at the University of Córdoba and a second phase in a sector of the Mocarí neighborhood, Montería-Córdoba. Initially an inoculum was required, for this the solid strain was activated in 10 mL of F/2 Guillard medium, then it was brought to volumes of 350 mL and 1.5 L with this same medium under controlled conditions. The second phase corresponded to the realization of the artisan cultivation system where the volume was maximized to 10 L using NPK and Remital agricultural fertilizers separately, taking into account 1 g/L of fertilizer, this was maintained under ambient conditions and constant aeration; counts were performed every 48 hours from the beginning of the culture until the stationary phase. During the first 96 hours there was no increase in the growth of C. minutissima in both treatments, this being the adaptation phase, later the exponential growth of the organism occurred, which began at 144 hours; the experimental units with NPK reached their stationary phase at 432 hours with a density of 5,680,000 cells/mL and those with Remital at 384 hours with 3,120,000 cells/mL. A sigmoidal type curve, characteristic of discontinuous cultures, was observed as a result. The treatments showed different values in both K and Td variables, however, the NPK fertilizer was the treatment with the shortest doubling time 5.85 div/day-1 and the highest growth rate 0.11 day-1. The two treatments with the fertilizers showed a positive cell growth of C. minutissima in an artisan culture system with a volume of 10 L, under conditions of natural light and room temperature, proving to be a good option as nutritive media. The NPK treatment presented the best response in terms of density, growth rate and doubling time. Therefore, NPK is the most recommended treatment when it comes to producing microalgal biomass, of the commercial fertilizers evaluated.

Fungi are fundamental in ecosystems due to their degrading or disintegrating activity of organic substances, mineralizing them. In addition, they have a great capacity for adaptation and can develop on any medium or surface, both in forests and in cities. (Viña, 2014). Despite being a very diverse group, there is currently a huge information gap, especially in humid forests. Therefore, a study was carried out in order to evaluate the diversity of the fruiting bodies of xylophagous Macrofungi (Basidiomycota and Ascomycota) at the Las Guartinajas Ecological Station, Tierralta, Córdoba. For this study, two field trips were carried out, in which five tours were carried out for each trip, with a sampling effort of three hours, in addition, transepts 50 meters long by 2 meters wide were established; the specimens were collected and fixed with varnish to be transferred to the microbiology laboratory of the University of Córdoba, for their respective description and identification. The results show a total of 1452 individuals, of which 142 were collected and 130 identified, of these 119 Basidiomycota and 11 Ascomycota, distributed in 11 orders, 29 families, 42 genera and 130 morphospecies; The most abundant morphospecies are Earliela scabrosa, Auricularia auricula and Schizophyllum commune and the less abundant Daldinia concentrica, Marasmius elegans, Polyporus varius, lentinus flexipes and favolus brasiliensis, representing a single individual. the diversity indices showed a high diversity for Shannon with a value of H: 4.092 and a low dominance for Simpson, with a value of D: 0.9759.

Species will face various environmental pressures in the face of climate change, such as increases in temperature and variations in the hydrological cycle. This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the variation of the potential geographic distribution of G. ulmifolia and E. cyclocarpum under climate change scenarios in Colombia based on maximum entropy modeling. For this, the MaxEnt software was used; 19 bioclimatic variables from Worldclim; presence points of G. ulmifolia (413) and E. cyclocarpum (298), obtained in the field and complemented with secondary information; and four general circulation scenarios (IPSL-CM5A-LR, MIROC-MIROC5, CSIRO-Mk3.6.0 and GISS-E2H). Geographic distribution models were developed for G. ulmifolia (AUC = 0.906) and for E. cyclocarpum (AUC = 0.895), the results show that the geographic distribution of G. ulmifolia will vary, extending towards the Caribbean coasts; the south of the Pacific and the eastern mountain range, encompassing territories of the Orinoquía and Amazonía; while E. cyclocarpum will only be distributed on the Pacific coast and in small scattered patches in the Caribbean, Andean and Orinoquia regions. The bioclimatic variables that most influenced their geographic distributions were annual precipitation (Bio12) for G. ulmifolia and precipitation of the driest quarter (Bio17) for E. cyclocarpum. Climate change will have direct effects on the areas of potential occupation of both species in the four scenarios and the two RCPs, for G. ulmifolia there will be increases of an average of 98,83% and for E. cyclocarpum there will be reductions of an average of 62,33%.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the density and population structure of the blue crab, Cardisoma guanhumi, in two mangrove forests in the region of San Bernardo del Viento, Córdoba, Colombia. The blue crab is a species categorized as vulnerable according to the Red Book of Marine Invertebrates of Colombia, due to the loss of its habitat and indiscriminate capture. In turn, it plays a key role within the mangrove ecosystems and is of great economic, cultural and social importance in the Darién areas of Córdoba. However, the status of its population was unknown in the area. Therefore, two sites were chosen; town The Salvador and Punta Manzanillo, during six samplings between the months of December 2020 and July 2021, density was estimated using two methods: direct and indirect. In turn, the individuals were captured using three methods: braceado, traps and manual, with which it was recorded; sex, color pattern and morphometric characteristics. On the other hand, an ethnoecological approach was taken, through surveys that helped identify social aspects of the blue crab in the inhabitants of Paso Nuevo. A total of 287 individuals of C. guanhumi were captured and 408 burrows were sampled. Based on the t-Student test, no statistically significant differences were found in the densities at the two selected points. Of the total individuals captured, 66.9% were adult males, 33.0% adult females, 22.6% pre-adults, 3.5% juveniles and 20% ovate females correspond to V. El Salvador. In P. Manzanillo, 76.7% are adult males, 23.2% adult females, 14.5% preadults, 1.61% juveniles, and 12.9% ovate females. It was determined that adult males reach larger sizes and weights, obtaining slightly higher values in P. Manzanillo. The overall sex ratio was 1M:1F, but changed in P. Manzanillo to 0.5:1 (M: F), biased towards males. Frequencies in males tend to have greater variation in size, being located in all the intervals found. On the other hand, most of the respondents distinguish the sex by observing the width of their abdomen, they indicate that the blue crab has breeding seasons that coincide with the rainy season and that is when they usually see more crabs, but in dry weather, they hide in their burrows to protect themselves when they are in moult. The results presented here contribute to the study of the species and understanding of its biology in this region of Cordoba, in order to initiate processes that lead to its regulation and measures for the sustainable management of this resource. Keywords: Density, blue crab, morphometric characteristics, ethnoecological, sustainable.

patrones de distribución y estrategias de dispersión para especies nativas Colombianas: Las investigaciones dirigidas a conocer la diversidad y distribución de las lianas en Colombia no son suficientes para la mayoría de estas especies, debido a las dificultades de muestreo en campo, en la mayoría de los casos se tiene registro en inventarios florísticos pero la información ecológica, geográfica y ambiental es insuficiente, tal es el caso de las lianas de la familia Dilleniaceae. Objetivo: Determinar los patrones de distribución a nivel nacional y mecanismos de dispersión de lianas nativas del Caribe colombiano de la familia Dilleniaceae. Metodología: Se realizó la búsqueda de información sobre la distribución y síndromes mediante revisión bibliográfica en revistas científicas, en bases de datos en línea, y en colecciones virtuales de Herbarios nacionales e internacionales, bases de datos en línea y revistas científicas. Resultados: Se seleccionaron seis especies (Davilla kunthii D. nitida, Doliocarpus dentatus, Pinzona coriácea, Tetracera volubilis y T. portobellensis), con un un total de 396 registros y representación en todas las regiones biogeográficas de Colombia, excepto T. portobellensis. El límite altitudinal de distribución fue 2200 m en los Andes (D. nitida). La ornitocoria según los rasgos de las semillas puede ser el principal síndrome de dispersión para las especies estudiadas. Conclusión: Con base en la información recopilada el patrón de distribución observado para las especies estudiadas se comporta como en otros grupos de lianas, a mayor altitud menor diversidad. El conocimiento sobre los síndromes de dispersión para estas especies de lianas de la familia Dilleniaceae en Colombia es escaso. Los registros depositados en herbarios para estas especies muestran falta de información geográfica y ecológica que dificulta análisis más detallados.

The richness and distribution patterns of the macroalgae, Rhodophyta and Ochrophyta in the south central zone of Tortuguilla Island were evaluated, covering three samplings in two hydrological periods, through a transect parallel to the coastline of 100m long and 2m wide. The samples collected in the field were washed, and continued with preservation in liquid and preservation in dry. They were fixed and preserved on permanent plates in 4% glycerinated gelatin solution and conservation of the specimens in dry condition, followed by a photographic record of each alga collected in macroscopic and microscopic view for its morphological and structural description. A total of 19 species were recorded, of which 12 belong to the Rhodophyta division and seven to the Ochrophyta division, grouped into seven families and 15 genera. The greatest richness of macroalgae was recorded during the dry season, with a total of 17 species, of which 11 were Rhodophyta and six were Ochrophyta, while fewer species were recorded in the rainy period, with three Rhodophyta. And seven Ochrophyta. It was found that the distribution patterns of the matroalgae were directly related to the type of substrate, hydrological periods and morphological adaptations, where, it was evidenced that in general there is a greater preference for hard rock substrates by the Rhodophyta and soft sandy divisions. By the Ochrophyta division. The homogeneity of the physical and chemical variations such as temperature, salinity and pH is highlighted, which had no impact on the development of macroalgae.

In the following work, a detailed bibliographic review of the analysis of the studies carried out on the oil and proximal analysis of the seed of the Moringa oleifera fruit was carried out, as well as its properties and the chemical and nutritional composition of the oil extracted from these seeds by means of spectroscopic analysis and impact on human health. In the bibliography, several research results were found on the chemical analysis of Moringa oleifera seed, some of which are detailed below: The moisture content is 5.70 - 8.90, crude fat 36.70 ± 2.80, crude protein 31.40 ± 1.30, total carbohydrates 18.40, fiber content 6.80 - 8.00 and ash content 4.40 - 6.90. The seed oil contains saponification index 171.9 - 191, iodine number 65.580 and peroxide number 8.1 - 15, rancidity index 1.970, density 0.908, free fatty acids 0.5 - 2.51 and acidity of 3.8 - 5.04. In the analysis of the oil of the seed of Moringa oleifera; It has been shown to have varied medicinal applications, especially in the countries of origin; The fruits are considered aphrodisiacs, the infusion of the seed is laxative and purgative; In addition to demonstrating great antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cancer prevention, great contributions to human nutrition, and a great substitute for the use of gasoline as biodiesel.

The fireworm Hermodice carunculata PALLAS, 1766 belongs to the family amphinomidae, is characterized by its hive bite and the presence of calcified quetas that cover its entire body, however, its aposematic coloration is the most striking of this species. These organisms have varied and bright colors and some can reach large size. With this work, antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of the radical DPPH• and ABTS+• of the primary methabolic extract of the species Hermodice carunculata of exposed environment and protected from the swell, collected in dry and rainy season, by means of free search and manually. Antioxidant activity was determined to have no significant results (IC50 > 1000 mg/ml), but IC5O values allowed the study to be brought to comparison of extracts by the possibility of active secondary metabolites. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) had variations between the two sectors, so that those in exposed environments were considered "better activity" as they had lower concentration than the rest. On the other hand, these values were influenced by the action of the swell, the values furthest from the activity, were associated with the low impact environments of the waves, therefore, the effect of temperature and precipitation was added to it, also the coloration and size was a fundamental factor to attribute it to the antioxidant activity of Hermodice carunculata. It was proven through an analysis of main components that yellow and large specimens had low activity compared to those of brown and smaller size.

The present work was carried out in order to characterize the reproductive biology patterns of Caesalpinia ebano, endemic to the dry forests of Colombia. The study was carried out in the Jaguares de Montería ecological park in the department of Córdoba. Floral biology was described, different types of pollination were evaluated (induced self-pollination, cross-pollination, spontaneous self-pollination, open pollination) and the frequency of flower visitors was recorded. C. ebano presents hermaphrodite flowers with a length of 1.3 cm from the peduncle and an approximate average life span, from anthesis to dehiscence, of three days. The results obtained indicate that this species only produces fruits by cross pollination and open pollination, although in the induced self-pollination fruits were formed, all were aborted. According to the reproductive system that C. ebano presents, it is strictly dependent on pollinators for its reproductive success. The weight of the seeds and fruits were not significantly different between the treatments; however, there were significant differences regarding the number of seeds between the treatments. On the other hand, the floral visitor with the highest frequency of visits was A. mellifera.

El bosque seco tropical (BST) es considerado como uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados en el mundo. En Colombia, sólo queda aproximadamente el 8% de su cobertura original, representada en áreas que aún se encuentran sin estudiar y en su mayoría están expuestas a presiones históricas como la ganadería, agricultura e infraestructura humana, reflejando un ecosistema en estado crítico de fragmentación y degradación en Colombia. En este trabajo se caracterizó la estructura y composición en tres fragmentos de bosque seco tropical ubicados en la subregión Sinú Medio en el departamento de Córdoba. Se utilizó la metodología de Parcelas de Muestreo Rápido de Vegetación - RAP modificada. Se registran 1.336 individuos, agrupados en 68 familias, 158 géneros y 264 especies. Las familias con mayor número de especies fueron Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Bignoniaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, y Lecythidaceae. Los géneros mejor representados fueron Serjania, Inga, Casearia, Coccoloba, Gustavia, Machaerium, Paullinia y Trichilia. Las familias con mayor importancia ecológica fueron Malvaceae, Rubiaceae y Fabaceae. Las especies Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H.Karst, Cavanillesia platanifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth y Ruprechtia costata Meisn, representan la mayor relevancia o peso ecológico. El hábito de crecimiento predominante para el área de estudio fue el arbustivo, aunque se presentaron diferencias entre cada localidad. Finalmente se relacionan 26 nuevos registros de especies vegetales para el departamento de Córdoba y 14 especies con prioridades de conservación.

Alu insertion elements are DNA sequences that are produced by a single mutational event and their ancestral status is known, it is estimated that there are more than a million copies of these elements, that is, they occupy approximately 11% of the human genome. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the genetic diversity of the human population of the municipality of Moñitos-Córdoba, through the use of Alu insertion polymorphisms in 50 unrelated individuals from five selected populations in the municipality. The study was carried out from saliva samples, from which the DNA was extracted, later the DNA amplification was carried out by PCR and the amplified ones were observed in agarose gels, finally through statistical analysis the following were determined: allelic frequencies, Observed heterozygosities (Ho), Expected heterozygosities (He), Fixation index, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Dendograms. All Alu markers were polymorphic, with frequencies ranging between 0.100 (A25) and 0.944 (HS3.23), the average values obtained for Ho and He were respectively 0.398 and 0.384, most of the markers were found in equilibrium of Hardy-Weinberg, except for the ACE and TRA25 markers, the genetic distance between the different populations studied, showed Miramar and Flores de Manga as the most related and Santa Lucia as the most distant among the populations evaluated. In conclusion, Moñitos population presented a high polymorphic level and low values of observed and expected heterozygosity, which indicates a low rate of genetic diversity.

In the taxonomy of angiosperm plants, floral characters have generally been preferred over vegetative characters, as evidenced in many of the classification, systems; however, these can vary significantly, making it difficult in some cases to identify plant species. Chemotaxonomy or chemosystematics, evaluates the presence of chemical compounds in plant species; the chemical aspect of the classification of plants is based on their constituents, that is, on their molecular characteristics; These, like morphological characteristics, are genetically controlled, but have the advantage over morphological ones, of being able to be described exactly in terms of defined structures and configurational chemical formulas. In this study, it was proposed to determine the presence of phenolic compounds (Flavonoids) in the foliar ethanolic extracts of the Ficus benjamina L; Ficus insipid Willd; Ficus elastica Roxb ex Hornem and Ficus bullenei I.M. Johnst species, in order to apply the comparative method of chemical structures and the existing taxonomic relationship between the investigated species, from the chemotaxonomic point of view. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of the foliar ethanolic extracts of the species F. benjamina, F. insipida, F. elastica and F. bullenei was evaluated, using the methods DPPH• (2,2- Diphenyl-1picrilhidrazil), ABTS+• (Acid 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulphonic)) and FRAP (Iron Reduction Antioxidant Potential). For this, a range of working concentrations between 1 and 6 mg / L was established for all extracts. The IC50 values determined by the DPPH• method were 5.4 mg/L, 4.8 mg/L, 2.4 mg/L and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. For the ABTS+• method, the IC50 values calculated were 2.9 mg/L, 2.8mg/L, 3.7mg/L and 3.0 mg/L, for each species respectively. For these two methods 6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Tolox) was used as a reference. The FRAP method was used with a concentration range between 1 and 5 mg/L. All the foliar ethanolic extracts evaluated presented iron reduction potential, the most active being the extract of the Ficus elastica species and the one with the lowest potential against the TPTZ complex, was the foliar EtOH extract of the F. bullenei species, compared to the substance of reference (Gallic acid).

El litoral rocoso como ecosistema marino y costero es un espacio de vida donde diferentes unidades ecológicas tienen lugar sobre sustratos rocosos irregulares de composición geológica variable. Por lo que se planteó como objetivo general, evaluar el estado actual del conocimiento del litoral rocoso en el Caribe colombiano, realizándose una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica, en donde la información se obtuvo principalmente de publicaciones realizadas por el Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR), como por ejemplo los Informes del Estado de los Recursos Marinos y Costeros de Colombia (IERMC), revistas científicas como Scielo, Actualidades Biológicas, Revista MVZ Córdoba, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad y tesis de grado. En donde como resultado se obtuvo que la temática más estudiada es de distribución, y las menos estudias son las relacionadas a temas como biología de organismos, amenazas naturales, diagnóstico, entre otras. Así mismo, la importancia de los litorales radica en sus bienes y servicios que sostienen actividades como la pesca, el turismo, la navegación, el desarrollo portuario, la explotación minera y donde se dan asentamientos urbanos e industriales. El estudio de ambientes rocosos ha sido un desafío científico, por su potencial extensión y poca accesibilidad. Dado todo esto se deben enmarcar normas o estrategias de conservación que se apliquen a los litorales rocosos del Caribe colombiano como, por ejemplo: propiciar la conservación y uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica, la protección de áreas de especial importancia ecológica este ecosistema.

Debido al aumento en la utilización de insumos agrícolas y la problemática global de contaminación ambiental y presión selectiva a insecticidas, se ha fomentado la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas para disminuir el uso de insecticidas convencionales y por ende los impactos negativos que generan en los productos de cosechas, el ambiente y la salud humana; siendo una de ellas, el empleo de extractos vegetales para el control de insectos plagas en cultivos de interés agrícola, que en el marco de una agricultura sostenible constituye una opción biotecnológica cuya característica es convertir los recursos biológicos en productos útiles, efectivos, de bajo costo, biodegradables y de baja toxicidad. La actividad insecticida de los extractos de Azadirachta indica, ha sido registrada por varios autores, por lo cual, se realizó la revisión, compilación y análisis de la información referida a dicha actividad de los extractos de la especie sobre áfidos plagas en los cultivos de Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. (habichuela) y Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (frijol cabecita negra), en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia; de igual manera se destacaron las propiedades, ventajas y desventajas del uso de extractos de A. indica, enfatizando en las consecuencias generadas por el uso de insecticidas convencionales a nivel global en los ecosistemas agrícolas y el medio ambiente, destacando la situación del uso de estos insecticidas en los últimos años en el departamento de Córdoba. La información recopilada y presentada, está sustentada en libros digitales, artículos de revistas científicas, tesis y trabajos de investigación. La información bibliográfica muestra la realización de diversas investigaciones a nivel nacional e internacional sobre el uso de los extractos de neem como fuente potencial de compuestos bioactivos susceptibles de ser utilizados en el control de plagas agrícolas con excelentes resultados, fomentando el uso de estos extractos en Córdoba en cultivos de importancia en la agricultura y la economía en la región, con el objetivo de impulsar interés en el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas sobre el uso y aprovechamiento de la flora dentro del contexto de una agricultura a baja escala con menor impacto ambiental.

In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen is an element of high demand for organisms, so the primary productivity of any ecosystem is limited by the availability of this element. Through the biological fixation of nitrogen, this element is contributed to the ecosystems defining the fertility of the soil, most of the nitrogen taken up by the plants is returned to the soil in an organic form through the litter that constitutes a deposit of matter and energy. for microorganisms. The litter that falls to the ground is decomposed by a great variety of microorganisms classified within functional groups that intervene in the degradation process, forming an organic substrate known as mulch. The objective of this study is to determine the diversity of bacteria with nitrogen-fixing capacity associated with leaf litter, in a fragment of tropical dry forest in Montería-Córdoba. For the development of the methodology, microorganisms were obtained from samples of litter and mulch from the interior and edge of the forest which were inoculated in a nitrogen-free medium (Burk's medium). A total of 77 morphotypes with nitrogen-fixing capacity were isolated from the litter under study, of which the mulch presented a greater diversity of isolates with respect to the litter (40 morphotypes with a total density of 115 x104 CFU / g of mulch) . Finally, it is shown that the litter at the edge of the forest presents a greater diversity of nitrogen fixers than the interior of the forest, with a total of 44 isolated morphotypes and a total density of 120 x104CFU / g of sample.

Luidia senegalensis, has been the subject of few studies in the colombian Caribbean, currently it is considered a threatened species in various areas of the Caribbean, Brazil and Colombia. For this reason, the objective was to evaluate the ecological and morphological aspects of the L. senegalensis populations incidentally captured by trawling in the southern Gulf of Morrosquillo. For this, samplings were carried out in the months of november 2019 and february 2020 in two sectors of the southern Gulf of Morrosquillo, in which three trawl trawls were carried out in each one taking into account two contrasting climatic seasons (dry and rain), the collected individuals were counted and measured in situ; Additionally, the substrate samples from the two sampling sites were analyzed, obtaining a bottom (muddy-sandy) for Punta Terraplén and (sandy) for Punta Bonita. The average density of L. senegalensis for Punta Terraplén was 0.010 ± 0.005 ind / m², this being higher than the density registered for the Punta Bonita sector, whose value was 0.008 ± 0.002 ind / m². The average of sizes for the largest radius (R) was 7.23 ± 1.63 cm in the rainy season, presenting maximum values of 10 cm and minimum of 2.8 cm and for the dry season there was an average of 7.09 ± 1.56 cm with a maximum value of 11.3 cm and a minimum of 5.3 cm. Punta Terraplén presented an average of sizes for a greater radius (R) equal to 7.31 ± 1.40 cm, this being greater than that registered in Punta Bonita 6.91 ± 1.48 cm. The ecological aspects studied in this research work generate information of great importance to have references associated with the ecology of this species and to be able to lay the foundations for new research.

The growth of a commercial strain of the Pleurotus ostreatus fungus in different substrate combinations was evaluated and in this way determine the treatment with the best efficiency and performance. The substrates evaluated were corn husk (Zea maiz), almond leaves and wood sawdust. The substrates were immersed in water with 20% sodium hypochlorite for 24 hours in 100 L tanks, subsequently, water was changed twice and 4 kg of quicklime was added for every 100 L of water. 1.0 Kilogram (Kg) of each of the substrates was prepared. The substrates were placed in transparent plastic bags with a capacity of 1.5 kg and seeded with 50 g of the prepared inoculum (5%). The substrates were incubated at 27 ° C and in total darkness, until the mycelium covered all the material. Mycelial growth, time of appearance of primordia, weight of carpophores, biological efficiency and yield were evaluated. In total, 1,792 grams were obtained in total, distributed as follows: 634 grams in treatment 1 (M-Corn 100%), 578 grams in treatment 2 (A- Sawdust 100%), 0 grams in treatment 3 (AL- Almond) 0 grams in treatment 4 (AL- A 50% Almond- 50% Sawdust) 580 grams in treatment 5 (MA 50% Maize- 50% Sawdust) and 0 grams in treatment 6 (AL-M 50% Almond- 50% Corn). In treatments 3, 4 and 6 the death of the mycelium was evidenced.