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The objective of this research was to evaluate the density and population structure of the blue crab, Cardisoma guanhumi, in two mangrove forests in the region of San Bernardo del Viento, Córdoba, Colombia. The blue crab is a species categorized as vulnerable according to the Red Book of Marine Invertebrates of Colombia, due to the loss of its habitat and indiscriminate capture. In turn, it plays a key role within the mangrove ecosystems and is of great economic, cultural and social importance in the Darién areas of Córdoba. However, the status of its population was unknown in the area. Therefore, two sites were chosen; town The Salvador and Punta Manzanillo, during six samplings between the months of December 2020 and July 2021, density was estimated using two methods: direct and indirect. In turn, the individuals were captured using three methods: braceado, traps and manual, with which it was recorded; sex, color pattern and morphometric characteristics. On the other hand, an ethnoecological approach was taken, through surveys that helped identify social aspects of the blue crab in the inhabitants of Paso Nuevo. A total of 287 individuals of C. guanhumi were captured and 408 burrows were sampled. Based on the t-Student test, no statistically significant differences were found in the densities at the two selected points. Of the total individuals captured, 66.9% were adult males, 33.0% adult females, 22.6% pre-adults, 3.5% juveniles and 20% ovate females correspond to V. El Salvador. In P. Manzanillo, 76.7% are adult males, 23.2% adult females, 14.5% preadults, 1.61% juveniles, and 12.9% ovate females. It was determined that adult males reach larger sizes and weights, obtaining slightly higher values in P. Manzanillo. The overall sex ratio was 1M:1F, but changed in P. Manzanillo to 0.5:1 (M: F), biased towards males. Frequencies in males tend to have greater variation in size, being located in all the intervals found. On the other hand, most of the respondents distinguish the sex by observing the width of their abdomen, they indicate that the blue crab has breeding seasons that coincide with the rainy season and that is when they usually see more crabs, but in dry weather, they hide in their burrows to protect themselves when they are in moult. The results presented here contribute to the study of the species and understanding of its biology in this region of Cordoba, in order to initiate processes that lead to its regulation and measures for the sustainable management of this resource. Keywords: Density, blue crab, morphometric characteristics, ethnoecological, sustainable.

En este estudio se evaluó la calidad térmica del hábitat y el comportamiento de termorregulación de la lagartija Anolis tropidogaster en dos fragmentos de bosque seco tropical (bs-T) con distinto grado de perturbación en el departamento de Córdoba. Los individuos fueron colectados en dos sitios con diferente grado de perturbación antropogénica; se tomaron temperaturas corporales (Tc), temperaturas operativas (To) y temperaturas preferidas (Tpref); a partir de los datos obtenidos calculamos los índices de calidad térmica ambiental (de), y precisión (db) y eficiencia (E) en la termorregulación; también obtuvimos datos de temperaturas ambientales (sustrato y aire) para determinar su relación con la Tc. La Temperatura corporal no presentó diferencias entre sexos, pero si entre localidades; de igual forma hubo diferencias en la Tpref entre los sexos y entre localidades. Los índices indican una baja precisión en la termorregulación, diferencias en la calidad de los hábitat y comportamiento evasivo a sitios térmicamente favorables para la termorregular eficientemente. Los resultados mostraron que existe relación directamente proporcional entre la temperatura del sustrato y la temperatura corporal, aún mayor que con la temperatura del aire lo que indicaría que esta especie se podía considerar como tigmoterma; además modifica sus horas de actividad según el grado de perturbación de la localidad en la que habitan.

Phyllostomus hastatus es una especie generalista cuyos requerimientos alimentarios y plasticidad trófica le permite desempeñar procesos clave en la dinámica ecológica de ecosistemas alterados; sin embargo, los servicios ecosistémicos han sido alterados gradualmente por la continua deforestación de los bosques para la expansión de la frontera agropecuaria. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo, realizar una aproximación a la caracterización de la dieta, refugios y la morfometría de Phyllostomus hastatus en paisajes ganaderos en Córdoba, Colombia. Se utilizaron datos de trabajos realizados en nueve localidades del departamento de Córdoba, y un trabajo de campo en la localidad de Danubio (Tierralta), con 10 salidas durante el período mayo-2019 a febrero-2020. Se identificaron dos refugios con 21 individuos de P. hastatus. Respecto a dieta, se registraron semillas y restos de artrópodos en las fecas de individuos capturados. A partir de las semillas encontradas, la familia de plantas Urticaceae fue la más representativa con 35.7% de los registros; mientras que, para el ítem “restos de artrópodos” se halló que el Orden Coleoptera fue dominante con 90.4% en los individuos colectados, indicando una preferencia alimentaria por los coleópteros y frutos de plantas de la familia Urticaceae.

The richness and distribution patterns of the macroalgae, Rhodophyta and Ochrophyta in the south central zone of Tortuguilla Island were evaluated, covering three samplings in two hydrological periods, through a transect parallel to the coastline of 100m long and 2m wide. The samples collected in the field were washed, and continued with preservation in liquid and preservation in dry. They were fixed and preserved on permanent plates in 4% glycerinated gelatin solution and conservation of the specimens in dry condition, followed by a photographic record of each alga collected in macroscopic and microscopic view for its morphological and structural description. A total of 19 species were recorded, of which 12 belong to the Rhodophyta division and seven to the Ochrophyta division, grouped into seven families and 15 genera. The greatest richness of macroalgae was recorded during the dry season, with a total of 17 species, of which 11 were Rhodophyta and six were Ochrophyta, while fewer species were recorded in the rainy period, with three Rhodophyta. And seven Ochrophyta. It was found that the distribution patterns of the matroalgae were directly related to the type of substrate, hydrological periods and morphological adaptations, where, it was evidenced that in general there is a greater preference for hard rock substrates by the Rhodophyta and soft sandy divisions. By the Ochrophyta division. The homogeneity of the physical and chemical variations such as temperature, salinity and pH is highlighted, which had no impact on the development of macroalgae.

In the following work, a detailed bibliographic review of the analysis of the studies carried out on the oil and proximal analysis of the seed of the Moringa oleifera fruit was carried out, as well as its properties and the chemical and nutritional composition of the oil extracted from these seeds by means of spectroscopic analysis and impact on human health. In the bibliography, several research results were found on the chemical analysis of Moringa oleifera seed, some of which are detailed below: The moisture content is 5.70 - 8.90, crude fat 36.70 ± 2.80, crude protein 31.40 ± 1.30, total carbohydrates 18.40, fiber content 6.80 - 8.00 and ash content 4.40 - 6.90. The seed oil contains saponification index 171.9 - 191, iodine number 65.580 and peroxide number 8.1 - 15, rancidity index 1.970, density 0.908, free fatty acids 0.5 - 2.51 and acidity of 3.8 - 5.04. In the analysis of the oil of the seed of Moringa oleifera; It has been shown to have varied medicinal applications, especially in the countries of origin; The fruits are considered aphrodisiacs, the infusion of the seed is laxative and purgative; In addition to demonstrating great antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, cancer prevention, great contributions to human nutrition, and a great substitute for the use of gasoline as biodiesel.

The fireworm Hermodice carunculata PALLAS, 1766 belongs to the family amphinomidae, is characterized by its hive bite and the presence of calcified quetas that cover its entire body, however, its aposematic coloration is the most striking of this species. These organisms have varied and bright colors and some can reach large size. With this work, antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of the radical DPPH• and ABTS+• of the primary methabolic extract of the species Hermodice carunculata of exposed environment and protected from the swell, collected in dry and rainy season, by means of free search and manually. Antioxidant activity was determined to have no significant results (IC50 > 1000 mg/ml), but IC5O values allowed the study to be brought to comparison of extracts by the possibility of active secondary metabolites. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) had variations between the two sectors, so that those in exposed environments were considered "better activity" as they had lower concentration than the rest. On the other hand, these values were influenced by the action of the swell, the values furthest from the activity, were associated with the low impact environments of the waves, therefore, the effect of temperature and precipitation was added to it, also the coloration and size was a fundamental factor to attribute it to the antioxidant activity of Hermodice carunculata. It was proven through an analysis of main components that yellow and large specimens had low activity compared to those of brown and smaller size.

Los paisajes modificados originan mosaicos de áreas artificiales o seminaturales que conllevan a la pérdida o desplazamiento de especies nativas y extinciones locales, generando así, la homogeneización del paisaje que alteran la salud e integridad de los ecosistemas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer la importancia de los elementos que conforman un paisaje transformado para la diversidad de escarabajos coprófagos en cuenca media del río Sinú, Córdoba-Colombia. Para establecer el valor de los elementos del paisaje que conforman el área del Centro de Investigación Turipaná (C.I) para la diversidad de escarabajos coprófagos se seleccionaron cinco coberturas vegetales. Las coberturas seleccionadas correspondieron a área boscosa seminatural (BO), sistemas silvopastoriles (SP), plantaciones forestales (PF), cultivos rotacionales (CR) y potreros de ganadería extensiva sin árboles (PT). Para cada cobertura vegetal se contó con tres repeticiones. En cada repetición de cada cobertura se trazó un transecto lineal donde se instalaron cinco trampas de caída separadas por una distancia entre 50 a 100 m entre sí. Los muestreos se realizaron entre octubre y noviembre de 2019. Se capturaron 3,813 individuos agrupados en once géneros y catorce especies. la diversidad verdadera no mostró diferencias entre las coberturas, aunque mostraron diferencias marginales entre SP y PT. El análisis NMDS evidenció la formación de cinco grupos, se muestra como las coberturas con estrato arbóreo BOs, PFs, SPs se separan de las coberturas sin árboles. la cobertura vegetal de los sistemas ganaderos es fundamental para sostener el ensamble de los escarabajos coprófagos y sobre todo los servicios ecológicos que estos ofrecen en los sistemas productivos.

The alterations in the forest structure cause changes in the microclimatic conditions that affect the taxonomic and functional diversity of sensitive organisms such as bryophytes; Consequently, they can influence the ecological processes that these organisms carry out and their responses to new environments. Objective. Characterize the brioflora in different covers (silvopastoral system (SSP) gallery forest (BG) and high secondary vegetation (VSA)) of a Tropical Dry Forest and the functional groups associated with water regulation. Materials and methods. Three 100 x 10 m transects and free runs were made in each coverage, with humidity, solar radiation and type of substrate recorded. Functional traits associated with water regulation were measured, such as stem width, length and width of the filidia, presence of leaves with amplecting bases, hyalodermis and imbricated filidia. Results. 19 species are recorded, 15 in VSA and 14 in both BG and SSP. The richest families are Fissidentaceae and Lejeuneaceae. The richest substrates are epiphyto-corticola and decomposing organic matter. Six functional groups were identified, which are present in all habitats, with the exception of functional group three (GF3) that was not recorded in BG. Conclusions. The availability of substrates for the bryophytes in the different coverages shows similarity, except for the absence of the epilitic in BG, which contrasts with the prediction, that in coverages with high luminosity and low humidity (SSP), the availability of microhabitats (substrates) it would be lower and therefore its diversity, which was not the case either because the diversity does not present significant variation in the coverage (p = 1), on the other hand, the richness of functional groups associated with water regulation varies between the coverage. In SSP, the richness is lower with respect to VSA and higher than BG, therefore, the results do not clearly show that the coverage with greater solar radiation and less humidity present less richness, but if less frequency and variation in composition, mainly compared to BG.

The transformation of the tropical dry forest has originated different types of cover that generate changes in the functional diversity and therefore in the hydrological dynamics in the new environments. Objective. Characterize the functional diversity associated with the water regulation of tree species in different plant covers in the department of Córdoba. Materials and methods. TIF and AF traits were measured; DAP, TC; AC, ARC and DC; in five individuals of the most abundant species in three vegetal covers: secondary forest, silvopastoral system and forest plantation. Descriptions of the traits of the species, tests of comparison of traits between covers and multivariate analysis were carried out to identify functional groups and how they are associated with the covers Results. Differences in AC, ARC and DAP were found between the coverages and three GFs were identified. The most important features for the separation of the GFs were the AF and DC. The GF1 was associated with interception strategies and predominated in the SSP coverage, on the other hand, the GFs two and three underwent capture strategies associated with the BS and PF coverage. Conclusions. The results allow to broaden the understanding of the water regulation process by analyzing the traits of the tree species and infer how the process occurs in the covers.

The present work was carried out in order to characterize the reproductive biology patterns of Caesalpinia ebano, endemic to the dry forests of Colombia. The study was carried out in the Jaguares de Montería ecological park in the department of Córdoba. Floral biology was described, different types of pollination were evaluated (induced self-pollination, cross-pollination, spontaneous self-pollination, open pollination) and the frequency of flower visitors was recorded. C. ebano presents hermaphrodite flowers with a length of 1.3 cm from the peduncle and an approximate average life span, from anthesis to dehiscence, of three days. The results obtained indicate that this species only produces fruits by cross pollination and open pollination, although in the induced self-pollination fruits were formed, all were aborted. According to the reproductive system that C. ebano presents, it is strictly dependent on pollinators for its reproductive success. The weight of the seeds and fruits were not significantly different between the treatments; however, there were significant differences regarding the number of seeds between the treatments. On the other hand, the floral visitor with the highest frequency of visits was A. mellifera.

El bosque seco tropical (BST) es considerado como uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados en el mundo. En Colombia, sólo queda aproximadamente el 8% de su cobertura original, representada en áreas que aún se encuentran sin estudiar y en su mayoría están expuestas a presiones históricas como la ganadería, agricultura e infraestructura humana, reflejando un ecosistema en estado crítico de fragmentación y degradación en Colombia. En este trabajo se caracterizó la estructura y composición en tres fragmentos de bosque seco tropical ubicados en la subregión Sinú Medio en el departamento de Córdoba. Se utilizó la metodología de Parcelas de Muestreo Rápido de Vegetación - RAP modificada. Se registran 1.336 individuos, agrupados en 68 familias, 158 géneros y 264 especies. Las familias con mayor número de especies fueron Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Bignoniaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, y Lecythidaceae. Los géneros mejor representados fueron Serjania, Inga, Casearia, Coccoloba, Gustavia, Machaerium, Paullinia y Trichilia. Las familias con mayor importancia ecológica fueron Malvaceae, Rubiaceae y Fabaceae. Las especies Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H.Karst, Cavanillesia platanifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth y Ruprechtia costata Meisn, representan la mayor relevancia o peso ecológico. El hábito de crecimiento predominante para el área de estudio fue el arbustivo, aunque se presentaron diferencias entre cada localidad. Finalmente se relacionan 26 nuevos registros de especies vegetales para el departamento de Córdoba y 14 especies con prioridades de conservación.

Alu insertion elements are DNA sequences that are produced by a single mutational event and their ancestral status is known, it is estimated that there are more than a million copies of these elements, that is, they occupy approximately 11% of the human genome. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the genetic diversity of the human population of the municipality of Moñitos-Córdoba, through the use of Alu insertion polymorphisms in 50 unrelated individuals from five selected populations in the municipality. The study was carried out from saliva samples, from which the DNA was extracted, later the DNA amplification was carried out by PCR and the amplified ones were observed in agarose gels, finally through statistical analysis the following were determined: allelic frequencies, Observed heterozygosities (Ho), Expected heterozygosities (He), Fixation index, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Dendograms. All Alu markers were polymorphic, with frequencies ranging between 0.100 (A25) and 0.944 (HS3.23), the average values obtained for Ho and He were respectively 0.398 and 0.384, most of the markers were found in equilibrium of Hardy-Weinberg, except for the ACE and TRA25 markers, the genetic distance between the different populations studied, showed Miramar and Flores de Manga as the most related and Santa Lucia as the most distant among the populations evaluated. In conclusion, Moñitos population presented a high polymorphic level and low values of observed and expected heterozygosity, which indicates a low rate of genetic diversity.

In the taxonomy of angiosperm plants, floral characters have generally been preferred over vegetative characters, as evidenced in many of the classification, systems; however, these can vary significantly, making it difficult in some cases to identify plant species. Chemotaxonomy or chemosystematics, evaluates the presence of chemical compounds in plant species; the chemical aspect of the classification of plants is based on their constituents, that is, on their molecular characteristics; These, like morphological characteristics, are genetically controlled, but have the advantage over morphological ones, of being able to be described exactly in terms of defined structures and configurational chemical formulas. In this study, it was proposed to determine the presence of phenolic compounds (Flavonoids) in the foliar ethanolic extracts of the Ficus benjamina L; Ficus insipid Willd; Ficus elastica Roxb ex Hornem and Ficus bullenei I.M. Johnst species, in order to apply the comparative method of chemical structures and the existing taxonomic relationship between the investigated species, from the chemotaxonomic point of view. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of the foliar ethanolic extracts of the species F. benjamina, F. insipida, F. elastica and F. bullenei was evaluated, using the methods DPPH• (2,2- Diphenyl-1picrilhidrazil), ABTS+• (Acid 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulphonic)) and FRAP (Iron Reduction Antioxidant Potential). For this, a range of working concentrations between 1 and 6 mg / L was established for all extracts. The IC50 values determined by the DPPH• method were 5.4 mg/L, 4.8 mg/L, 2.4 mg/L and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. For the ABTS+• method, the IC50 values calculated were 2.9 mg/L, 2.8mg/L, 3.7mg/L and 3.0 mg/L, for each species respectively. For these two methods 6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Tolox) was used as a reference. The FRAP method was used with a concentration range between 1 and 5 mg/L. All the foliar ethanolic extracts evaluated presented iron reduction potential, the most active being the extract of the Ficus elastica species and the one with the lowest potential against the TPTZ complex, was the foliar EtOH extract of the F. bullenei species, compared to the substance of reference (Gallic acid).

In this research, the diversity of frugivorous butterflies was studied to answer how silvopastoral systems contribute to biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Three livestock areas managed under the silvopastoral systems scheme were selected and compared with four of the land uses with the largest area in the C.I. Turipaná de Agrosavia (CR rotational crops, PF forest plantations, BO forests and extensive livestock pastures PT) and which in turn represent the typical coverage of the rural landscape of Cordoba. For each land use, three areas were selected that represented repetitions. Five Van Someren Rydon traps baited with ripe bananas and beer were installed in each replication. The traps were spaced 100 m apart and were active for 48 hours. 895 individuals belonging to four subfamilies, eight tribes, twelve genera and 15 species were collected. All species belonged to the Nymphalidae family. The alpha diversity analysis of the plant covers suggests that there were no significant differences between the covers. The NMDS ordering analysis (Stress = 0.08) revealed the formation of three groups, the first group consisting of BO, SP and PF coverages, the second and third group consisting only of one group, CR and PT respectively. Simper's analysis revealed that land uses with trees differed from CRs and PTs by registering higher abundance of Taygetis laches, Hermeuptychia hermes and Hamadryas feronia species. For its part, the PTs group differed from the CR coverage by presenting a lower abundance of Taygetis laches, and not registering Nica flavilla and Historis odius individuals. In conclusion, silvopastoral systems like the other land uses with trees (BO and PF), modify the assemblage of frugivorous butterflies favoring the abundance of some species; The opposite effect occurs with systems without trees (CR and PT).

El litoral rocoso como ecosistema marino y costero es un espacio de vida donde diferentes unidades ecológicas tienen lugar sobre sustratos rocosos irregulares de composición geológica variable. Por lo que se planteó como objetivo general, evaluar el estado actual del conocimiento del litoral rocoso en el Caribe colombiano, realizándose una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica, en donde la información se obtuvo principalmente de publicaciones realizadas por el Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR), como por ejemplo los Informes del Estado de los Recursos Marinos y Costeros de Colombia (IERMC), revistas científicas como Scielo, Actualidades Biológicas, Revista MVZ Córdoba, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad y tesis de grado. En donde como resultado se obtuvo que la temática más estudiada es de distribución, y las menos estudias son las relacionadas a temas como biología de organismos, amenazas naturales, diagnóstico, entre otras. Así mismo, la importancia de los litorales radica en sus bienes y servicios que sostienen actividades como la pesca, el turismo, la navegación, el desarrollo portuario, la explotación minera y donde se dan asentamientos urbanos e industriales. El estudio de ambientes rocosos ha sido un desafío científico, por su potencial extensión y poca accesibilidad. Dado todo esto se deben enmarcar normas o estrategias de conservación que se apliquen a los litorales rocosos del Caribe colombiano como, por ejemplo: propiciar la conservación y uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica, la protección de áreas de especial importancia ecológica este ecosistema.

With the objective of evaluating the influence of wastewater from the Berástegui channel on the formation of micronuclei and nuclear alterations (cells with blisters, lobes and slits) in erythrocytes of fish of the Andinoacara genus. 10 specimens were captured in four different sites of the channel (S1, S2, S3, S4) that were compared with a tributary without influence of wastewater that was taken as a negative control. From which blood samples were taken from a puncture in the gills, which were fixed and stained. The frequency of micronuclei and nuclear alterations was quantified from the count of 2,000 erythrocytes per individual. Significant differences were found in the micronuclei and nuclear alterations between all the sites, and the sampling stations near the city of Montería reported the highest frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear alterations, which occurred in a higher proportion than micronuclei. These results confirm that the discharge of wastewater generated by the city of Montería without the implementation of treatments, influences the formation of micronuclei and nuclear alterations in fish species and the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. This shows that the quantification of micronuclei and nuclear alterations in situ in fish of the genus Andinoacara can be used to evaluate the incidence of different xenobiotic pollutants in the alteration of genetic material.

Debido al aumento en la utilización de insumos agrícolas y la problemática global de contaminación ambiental y presión selectiva a insecticidas, se ha fomentado la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas para disminuir el uso de insecticidas convencionales y por ende los impactos negativos que generan en los productos de cosechas, el ambiente y la salud humana; siendo una de ellas, el empleo de extractos vegetales para el control de insectos plagas en cultivos de interés agrícola, que en el marco de una agricultura sostenible constituye una opción biotecnológica cuya característica es convertir los recursos biológicos en productos útiles, efectivos, de bajo costo, biodegradables y de baja toxicidad. La actividad insecticida de los extractos de Azadirachta indica, ha sido registrada por varios autores, por lo cual, se realizó la revisión, compilación y análisis de la información referida a dicha actividad de los extractos de la especie sobre áfidos plagas en los cultivos de Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. (habichuela) y Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (frijol cabecita negra), en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia; de igual manera se destacaron las propiedades, ventajas y desventajas del uso de extractos de A. indica, enfatizando en las consecuencias generadas por el uso de insecticidas convencionales a nivel global en los ecosistemas agrícolas y el medio ambiente, destacando la situación del uso de estos insecticidas en los últimos años en el departamento de Córdoba. La información recopilada y presentada, está sustentada en libros digitales, artículos de revistas científicas, tesis y trabajos de investigación. La información bibliográfica muestra la realización de diversas investigaciones a nivel nacional e internacional sobre el uso de los extractos de neem como fuente potencial de compuestos bioactivos susceptibles de ser utilizados en el control de plagas agrícolas con excelentes resultados, fomentando el uso de estos extractos en Córdoba en cultivos de importancia en la agricultura y la economía en la región, con el objetivo de impulsar interés en el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas sobre el uso y aprovechamiento de la flora dentro del contexto de una agricultura a baja escala con menor impacto ambiental.

The disproportionate increase in bacterial resistance to multiple drugs has become a public health problem, as a result of the indiscriminate use of these drugs to counteract different pathologies. Pseudomona aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen involved in serious intrahospital infections, thanks to the expression of numerous intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms, mainly due to the ability to form biofilms; This allows it to adhere stably to biotic (living tissue) or inert surfaces and gives it the ability to be highly resistant to various antibiotics, making their treatment and control considerably difficult. Objective. Evaluate the antibiofilm activity of the seed extracts in petroleum benzene, carpel in ethanol and seed in ethanol of the Trichilia hirta species against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates in Montería-Córdoba. Materials and methods. Implementing the methods of agar diffusion, microdilution and the inhibition test in the formation of the biofilm, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the plant material under study was evaluated against 8 clinical isolates and the strain ATCC 27852 of P. aeruginosa. Results. The carpel extract in ethanol showed antibacterial activity against the evaluated strains. On the other hand, the petroleum benzene seed extract was more effective at inhibiting biofilm formation. Conclusion. T. hirta has secondary metabolites with antibacterial and antibiofilm activity

Fragmentation processes are mainly caused by changes in land use in natural ecosystems, which generates changes in the distribution, reproduction and survival of biodiversity. The objective of this study was to record the effect of landscape fragmentation on the diversity of terrestrial mammals in the village of El Diamante, Tierralta - Córdoba. The work was carried out in forest covers with 3 levels of fragmentation: high, medium and low. Data collection was done using the methodology proposed by Steenmans and Pinborg (1999), for the indicators of fragmentation and trapping in mammalian diversity. 119 records of land mammals were generated, belonging to 9 species, distributed in 5 orders and 8 families. The greatest diversity of terrestrial mammals was obtained in the low fragmentation covers.

In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen is an element of high demand for organisms, so the primary productivity of any ecosystem is limited by the availability of this element. Through the biological fixation of nitrogen, this element is contributed to the ecosystems defining the fertility of the soil, most of the nitrogen taken up by the plants is returned to the soil in an organic form through the litter that constitutes a deposit of matter and energy. for microorganisms. The litter that falls to the ground is decomposed by a great variety of microorganisms classified within functional groups that intervene in the degradation process, forming an organic substrate known as mulch. The objective of this study is to determine the diversity of bacteria with nitrogen-fixing capacity associated with leaf litter, in a fragment of tropical dry forest in Montería-Córdoba. For the development of the methodology, microorganisms were obtained from samples of litter and mulch from the interior and edge of the forest which were inoculated in a nitrogen-free medium (Burk's medium). A total of 77 morphotypes with nitrogen-fixing capacity were isolated from the litter under study, of which the mulch presented a greater diversity of isolates with respect to the litter (40 morphotypes with a total density of 115 x104 CFU / g of mulch) . Finally, it is shown that the litter at the edge of the forest presents a greater diversity of nitrogen fixers than the interior of the forest, with a total of 44 isolated morphotypes and a total density of 120 x104CFU / g of sample.