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The fireworm Hermodice carunculata PALLAS, 1766 belongs to the family amphinomidae, is characterized by its hive bite and the presence of calcified quetas that cover its entire body, however, its aposematic coloration is the most striking of this species. These organisms have varied and bright colors and some can reach large size. With this work, antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of the radical DPPH• and ABTS+• of the primary methabolic extract of the species Hermodice carunculata of exposed environment and protected from the swell, collected in dry and rainy season, by means of free search and manually. Antioxidant activity was determined to have no significant results (IC50 > 1000 mg/ml), but IC5O values allowed the study to be brought to comparison of extracts by the possibility of active secondary metabolites. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) had variations between the two sectors, so that those in exposed environments were considered "better activity" as they had lower concentration than the rest. On the other hand, these values were influenced by the action of the swell, the values furthest from the activity, were associated with the low impact environments of the waves, therefore, the effect of temperature and precipitation was added to it, also the coloration and size was a fundamental factor to attribute it to the antioxidant activity of Hermodice carunculata. It was proven through an analysis of main components that yellow and large specimens had low activity compared to those of brown and smaller size.

Los paisajes modificados originan mosaicos de áreas artificiales o seminaturales que conllevan a la pérdida o desplazamiento de especies nativas y extinciones locales, generando así, la homogeneización del paisaje que alteran la salud e integridad de los ecosistemas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer la importancia de los elementos que conforman un paisaje transformado para la diversidad de escarabajos coprófagos en cuenca media del río Sinú, Córdoba-Colombia. Para establecer el valor de los elementos del paisaje que conforman el área del Centro de Investigación Turipaná (C.I) para la diversidad de escarabajos coprófagos se seleccionaron cinco coberturas vegetales. Las coberturas seleccionadas correspondieron a área boscosa seminatural (BO), sistemas silvopastoriles (SP), plantaciones forestales (PF), cultivos rotacionales (CR) y potreros de ganadería extensiva sin árboles (PT). Para cada cobertura vegetal se contó con tres repeticiones. En cada repetición de cada cobertura se trazó un transecto lineal donde se instalaron cinco trampas de caída separadas por una distancia entre 50 a 100 m entre sí. Los muestreos se realizaron entre octubre y noviembre de 2019. Se capturaron 3,813 individuos agrupados en once géneros y catorce especies. la diversidad verdadera no mostró diferencias entre las coberturas, aunque mostraron diferencias marginales entre SP y PT. El análisis NMDS evidenció la formación de cinco grupos, se muestra como las coberturas con estrato arbóreo BOs, PFs, SPs se separan de las coberturas sin árboles. la cobertura vegetal de los sistemas ganaderos es fundamental para sostener el ensamble de los escarabajos coprófagos y sobre todo los servicios ecológicos que estos ofrecen en los sistemas productivos.

The alterations in the forest structure cause changes in the microclimatic conditions that affect the taxonomic and functional diversity of sensitive organisms such as bryophytes; Consequently, they can influence the ecological processes that these organisms carry out and their responses to new environments. Objective. Characterize the brioflora in different covers (silvopastoral system (SSP) gallery forest (BG) and high secondary vegetation (VSA)) of a Tropical Dry Forest and the functional groups associated with water regulation. Materials and methods. Three 100 x 10 m transects and free runs were made in each coverage, with humidity, solar radiation and type of substrate recorded. Functional traits associated with water regulation were measured, such as stem width, length and width of the filidia, presence of leaves with amplecting bases, hyalodermis and imbricated filidia. Results. 19 species are recorded, 15 in VSA and 14 in both BG and SSP. The richest families are Fissidentaceae and Lejeuneaceae. The richest substrates are epiphyto-corticola and decomposing organic matter. Six functional groups were identified, which are present in all habitats, with the exception of functional group three (GF3) that was not recorded in BG. Conclusions. The availability of substrates for the bryophytes in the different coverages shows similarity, except for the absence of the epilitic in BG, which contrasts with the prediction, that in coverages with high luminosity and low humidity (SSP), the availability of microhabitats (substrates) it would be lower and therefore its diversity, which was not the case either because the diversity does not present significant variation in the coverage (p = 1), on the other hand, the richness of functional groups associated with water regulation varies between the coverage. In SSP, the richness is lower with respect to VSA and higher than BG, therefore, the results do not clearly show that the coverage with greater solar radiation and less humidity present less richness, but if less frequency and variation in composition, mainly compared to BG.

The transformation of the tropical dry forest has originated different types of cover that generate changes in the functional diversity and therefore in the hydrological dynamics in the new environments. Objective. Characterize the functional diversity associated with the water regulation of tree species in different plant covers in the department of Córdoba. Materials and methods. TIF and AF traits were measured; DAP, TC; AC, ARC and DC; in five individuals of the most abundant species in three vegetal covers: secondary forest, silvopastoral system and forest plantation. Descriptions of the traits of the species, tests of comparison of traits between covers and multivariate analysis were carried out to identify functional groups and how they are associated with the covers Results. Differences in AC, ARC and DAP were found between the coverages and three GFs were identified. The most important features for the separation of the GFs were the AF and DC. The GF1 was associated with interception strategies and predominated in the SSP coverage, on the other hand, the GFs two and three underwent capture strategies associated with the BS and PF coverage. Conclusions. The results allow to broaden the understanding of the water regulation process by analyzing the traits of the tree species and infer how the process occurs in the covers.

The present work was carried out in order to characterize the reproductive biology patterns of Caesalpinia ebano, endemic to the dry forests of Colombia. The study was carried out in the Jaguares de Montería ecological park in the department of Córdoba. Floral biology was described, different types of pollination were evaluated (induced self-pollination, cross-pollination, spontaneous self-pollination, open pollination) and the frequency of flower visitors was recorded. C. ebano presents hermaphrodite flowers with a length of 1.3 cm from the peduncle and an approximate average life span, from anthesis to dehiscence, of three days. The results obtained indicate that this species only produces fruits by cross pollination and open pollination, although in the induced self-pollination fruits were formed, all were aborted. According to the reproductive system that C. ebano presents, it is strictly dependent on pollinators for its reproductive success. The weight of the seeds and fruits were not significantly different between the treatments; however, there were significant differences regarding the number of seeds between the treatments. On the other hand, the floral visitor with the highest frequency of visits was A. mellifera.

El bosque seco tropical (BST) es considerado como uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados en el mundo. En Colombia, sólo queda aproximadamente el 8% de su cobertura original, representada en áreas que aún se encuentran sin estudiar y en su mayoría están expuestas a presiones históricas como la ganadería, agricultura e infraestructura humana, reflejando un ecosistema en estado crítico de fragmentación y degradación en Colombia. En este trabajo se caracterizó la estructura y composición en tres fragmentos de bosque seco tropical ubicados en la subregión Sinú Medio en el departamento de Córdoba. Se utilizó la metodología de Parcelas de Muestreo Rápido de Vegetación - RAP modificada. Se registran 1.336 individuos, agrupados en 68 familias, 158 géneros y 264 especies. Las familias con mayor número de especies fueron Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Bignoniaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, y Lecythidaceae. Los géneros mejor representados fueron Serjania, Inga, Casearia, Coccoloba, Gustavia, Machaerium, Paullinia y Trichilia. Las familias con mayor importancia ecológica fueron Malvaceae, Rubiaceae y Fabaceae. Las especies Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H.Karst, Cavanillesia platanifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth y Ruprechtia costata Meisn, representan la mayor relevancia o peso ecológico. El hábito de crecimiento predominante para el área de estudio fue el arbustivo, aunque se presentaron diferencias entre cada localidad. Finalmente se relacionan 26 nuevos registros de especies vegetales para el departamento de Córdoba y 14 especies con prioridades de conservación.

Alu insertion elements are DNA sequences that are produced by a single mutational event and their ancestral status is known, it is estimated that there are more than a million copies of these elements, that is, they occupy approximately 11% of the human genome. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the genetic diversity of the human population of the municipality of Moñitos-Córdoba, through the use of Alu insertion polymorphisms in 50 unrelated individuals from five selected populations in the municipality. The study was carried out from saliva samples, from which the DNA was extracted, later the DNA amplification was carried out by PCR and the amplified ones were observed in agarose gels, finally through statistical analysis the following were determined: allelic frequencies, Observed heterozygosities (Ho), Expected heterozygosities (He), Fixation index, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Dendograms. All Alu markers were polymorphic, with frequencies ranging between 0.100 (A25) and 0.944 (HS3.23), the average values obtained for Ho and He were respectively 0.398 and 0.384, most of the markers were found in equilibrium of Hardy-Weinberg, except for the ACE and TRA25 markers, the genetic distance between the different populations studied, showed Miramar and Flores de Manga as the most related and Santa Lucia as the most distant among the populations evaluated. In conclusion, Moñitos population presented a high polymorphic level and low values of observed and expected heterozygosity, which indicates a low rate of genetic diversity.

In the taxonomy of angiosperm plants, floral characters have generally been preferred over vegetative characters, as evidenced in many of the classification, systems; however, these can vary significantly, making it difficult in some cases to identify plant species. Chemotaxonomy or chemosystematics, evaluates the presence of chemical compounds in plant species; the chemical aspect of the classification of plants is based on their constituents, that is, on their molecular characteristics; These, like morphological characteristics, are genetically controlled, but have the advantage over morphological ones, of being able to be described exactly in terms of defined structures and configurational chemical formulas. In this study, it was proposed to determine the presence of phenolic compounds (Flavonoids) in the foliar ethanolic extracts of the Ficus benjamina L; Ficus insipid Willd; Ficus elastica Roxb ex Hornem and Ficus bullenei I.M. Johnst species, in order to apply the comparative method of chemical structures and the existing taxonomic relationship between the investigated species, from the chemotaxonomic point of view. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of the foliar ethanolic extracts of the species F. benjamina, F. insipida, F. elastica and F. bullenei was evaluated, using the methods DPPH• (2,2- Diphenyl-1picrilhidrazil), ABTS+• (Acid 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulphonic)) and FRAP (Iron Reduction Antioxidant Potential). For this, a range of working concentrations between 1 and 6 mg / L was established for all extracts. The IC50 values determined by the DPPH• method were 5.4 mg/L, 4.8 mg/L, 2.4 mg/L and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. For the ABTS+• method, the IC50 values calculated were 2.9 mg/L, 2.8mg/L, 3.7mg/L and 3.0 mg/L, for each species respectively. For these two methods 6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Tolox) was used as a reference. The FRAP method was used with a concentration range between 1 and 5 mg/L. All the foliar ethanolic extracts evaluated presented iron reduction potential, the most active being the extract of the Ficus elastica species and the one with the lowest potential against the TPTZ complex, was the foliar EtOH extract of the F. bullenei species, compared to the substance of reference (Gallic acid).

In this research, the diversity of frugivorous butterflies was studied to answer how silvopastoral systems contribute to biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Three livestock areas managed under the silvopastoral systems scheme were selected and compared with four of the land uses with the largest area in the C.I. Turipaná de Agrosavia (CR rotational crops, PF forest plantations, BO forests and extensive livestock pastures PT) and which in turn represent the typical coverage of the rural landscape of Cordoba. For each land use, three areas were selected that represented repetitions. Five Van Someren Rydon traps baited with ripe bananas and beer were installed in each replication. The traps were spaced 100 m apart and were active for 48 hours. 895 individuals belonging to four subfamilies, eight tribes, twelve genera and 15 species were collected. All species belonged to the Nymphalidae family. The alpha diversity analysis of the plant covers suggests that there were no significant differences between the covers. The NMDS ordering analysis (Stress = 0.08) revealed the formation of three groups, the first group consisting of BO, SP and PF coverages, the second and third group consisting only of one group, CR and PT respectively. Simper's analysis revealed that land uses with trees differed from CRs and PTs by registering higher abundance of Taygetis laches, Hermeuptychia hermes and Hamadryas feronia species. For its part, the PTs group differed from the CR coverage by presenting a lower abundance of Taygetis laches, and not registering Nica flavilla and Historis odius individuals. In conclusion, silvopastoral systems like the other land uses with trees (BO and PF), modify the assemblage of frugivorous butterflies favoring the abundance of some species; The opposite effect occurs with systems without trees (CR and PT).

El litoral rocoso como ecosistema marino y costero es un espacio de vida donde diferentes unidades ecológicas tienen lugar sobre sustratos rocosos irregulares de composición geológica variable. Por lo que se planteó como objetivo general, evaluar el estado actual del conocimiento del litoral rocoso en el Caribe colombiano, realizándose una exhaustiva revisión bibliográfica, en donde la información se obtuvo principalmente de publicaciones realizadas por el Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas y Costeras (INVEMAR), como por ejemplo los Informes del Estado de los Recursos Marinos y Costeros de Colombia (IERMC), revistas científicas como Scielo, Actualidades Biológicas, Revista MVZ Córdoba, Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad y tesis de grado. En donde como resultado se obtuvo que la temática más estudiada es de distribución, y las menos estudias son las relacionadas a temas como biología de organismos, amenazas naturales, diagnóstico, entre otras. Así mismo, la importancia de los litorales radica en sus bienes y servicios que sostienen actividades como la pesca, el turismo, la navegación, el desarrollo portuario, la explotación minera y donde se dan asentamientos urbanos e industriales. El estudio de ambientes rocosos ha sido un desafío científico, por su potencial extensión y poca accesibilidad. Dado todo esto se deben enmarcar normas o estrategias de conservación que se apliquen a los litorales rocosos del Caribe colombiano como, por ejemplo: propiciar la conservación y uso sostenible de la diversidad biológica, la protección de áreas de especial importancia ecológica este ecosistema.

With the objective of evaluating the influence of wastewater from the Berástegui channel on the formation of micronuclei and nuclear alterations (cells with blisters, lobes and slits) in erythrocytes of fish of the Andinoacara genus. 10 specimens were captured in four different sites of the channel (S1, S2, S3, S4) that were compared with a tributary without influence of wastewater that was taken as a negative control. From which blood samples were taken from a puncture in the gills, which were fixed and stained. The frequency of micronuclei and nuclear alterations was quantified from the count of 2,000 erythrocytes per individual. Significant differences were found in the micronuclei and nuclear alterations between all the sites, and the sampling stations near the city of Montería reported the highest frequencies of micronuclei and nuclear alterations, which occurred in a higher proportion than micronuclei. These results confirm that the discharge of wastewater generated by the city of Montería without the implementation of treatments, influences the formation of micronuclei and nuclear alterations in fish species and the eutrophication of aquatic ecosystems. This shows that the quantification of micronuclei and nuclear alterations in situ in fish of the genus Andinoacara can be used to evaluate the incidence of different xenobiotic pollutants in the alteration of genetic material.

Debido al aumento en la utilización de insumos agrícolas y la problemática global de contaminación ambiental y presión selectiva a insecticidas, se ha fomentado la búsqueda de nuevas alternativas para disminuir el uso de insecticidas convencionales y por ende los impactos negativos que generan en los productos de cosechas, el ambiente y la salud humana; siendo una de ellas, el empleo de extractos vegetales para el control de insectos plagas en cultivos de interés agrícola, que en el marco de una agricultura sostenible constituye una opción biotecnológica cuya característica es convertir los recursos biológicos en productos útiles, efectivos, de bajo costo, biodegradables y de baja toxicidad. La actividad insecticida de los extractos de Azadirachta indica, ha sido registrada por varios autores, por lo cual, se realizó la revisión, compilación y análisis de la información referida a dicha actividad de los extractos de la especie sobre áfidos plagas en los cultivos de Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis (L.) Verdc. (habichuela) y Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. (frijol cabecita negra), en el departamento de Córdoba, Colombia; de igual manera se destacaron las propiedades, ventajas y desventajas del uso de extractos de A. indica, enfatizando en las consecuencias generadas por el uso de insecticidas convencionales a nivel global en los ecosistemas agrícolas y el medio ambiente, destacando la situación del uso de estos insecticidas en los últimos años en el departamento de Córdoba. La información recopilada y presentada, está sustentada en libros digitales, artículos de revistas científicas, tesis y trabajos de investigación. La información bibliográfica muestra la realización de diversas investigaciones a nivel nacional e internacional sobre el uso de los extractos de neem como fuente potencial de compuestos bioactivos susceptibles de ser utilizados en el control de plagas agrícolas con excelentes resultados, fomentando el uso de estos extractos en Córdoba en cultivos de importancia en la agricultura y la economía en la región, con el objetivo de impulsar interés en el desarrollo de nuevas alternativas sobre el uso y aprovechamiento de la flora dentro del contexto de una agricultura a baja escala con menor impacto ambiental.

The disproportionate increase in bacterial resistance to multiple drugs has become a public health problem, as a result of the indiscriminate use of these drugs to counteract different pathologies. Pseudomona aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen involved in serious intrahospital infections, thanks to the expression of numerous intrinsic and acquired resistance mechanisms, mainly due to the ability to form biofilms; This allows it to adhere stably to biotic (living tissue) or inert surfaces and gives it the ability to be highly resistant to various antibiotics, making their treatment and control considerably difficult. Objective. Evaluate the antibiofilm activity of the seed extracts in petroleum benzene, carpel in ethanol and seed in ethanol of the Trichilia hirta species against P. aeruginosa clinical isolates in Montería-Córdoba. Materials and methods. Implementing the methods of agar diffusion, microdilution and the inhibition test in the formation of the biofilm, the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of the plant material under study was evaluated against 8 clinical isolates and the strain ATCC 27852 of P. aeruginosa. Results. The carpel extract in ethanol showed antibacterial activity against the evaluated strains. On the other hand, the petroleum benzene seed extract was more effective at inhibiting biofilm formation. Conclusion. T. hirta has secondary metabolites with antibacterial and antibiofilm activity

Fragmentation processes are mainly caused by changes in land use in natural ecosystems, which generates changes in the distribution, reproduction and survival of biodiversity. The objective of this study was to record the effect of landscape fragmentation on the diversity of terrestrial mammals in the village of El Diamante, Tierralta - Córdoba. The work was carried out in forest covers with 3 levels of fragmentation: high, medium and low. Data collection was done using the methodology proposed by Steenmans and Pinborg (1999), for the indicators of fragmentation and trapping in mammalian diversity. 119 records of land mammals were generated, belonging to 9 species, distributed in 5 orders and 8 families. The greatest diversity of terrestrial mammals was obtained in the low fragmentation covers.

In terrestrial ecosystems, nitrogen is an element of high demand for organisms, so the primary productivity of any ecosystem is limited by the availability of this element. Through the biological fixation of nitrogen, this element is contributed to the ecosystems defining the fertility of the soil, most of the nitrogen taken up by the plants is returned to the soil in an organic form through the litter that constitutes a deposit of matter and energy. for microorganisms. The litter that falls to the ground is decomposed by a great variety of microorganisms classified within functional groups that intervene in the degradation process, forming an organic substrate known as mulch. The objective of this study is to determine the diversity of bacteria with nitrogen-fixing capacity associated with leaf litter, in a fragment of tropical dry forest in Montería-Córdoba. For the development of the methodology, microorganisms were obtained from samples of litter and mulch from the interior and edge of the forest which were inoculated in a nitrogen-free medium (Burk's medium). A total of 77 morphotypes with nitrogen-fixing capacity were isolated from the litter under study, of which the mulch presented a greater diversity of isolates with respect to the litter (40 morphotypes with a total density of 115 x104 CFU / g of mulch) . Finally, it is shown that the litter at the edge of the forest presents a greater diversity of nitrogen fixers than the interior of the forest, with a total of 44 isolated morphotypes and a total density of 120 x104CFU / g of sample.

Luidia senegalensis, has been the subject of few studies in the colombian Caribbean, currently it is considered a threatened species in various areas of the Caribbean, Brazil and Colombia. For this reason, the objective was to evaluate the ecological and morphological aspects of the L. senegalensis populations incidentally captured by trawling in the southern Gulf of Morrosquillo. For this, samplings were carried out in the months of november 2019 and february 2020 in two sectors of the southern Gulf of Morrosquillo, in which three trawl trawls were carried out in each one taking into account two contrasting climatic seasons (dry and rain), the collected individuals were counted and measured in situ; Additionally, the substrate samples from the two sampling sites were analyzed, obtaining a bottom (muddy-sandy) for Punta Terraplén and (sandy) for Punta Bonita. The average density of L. senegalensis for Punta Terraplén was 0.010 ± 0.005 ind / m², this being higher than the density registered for the Punta Bonita sector, whose value was 0.008 ± 0.002 ind / m². The average of sizes for the largest radius (R) was 7.23 ± 1.63 cm in the rainy season, presenting maximum values of 10 cm and minimum of 2.8 cm and for the dry season there was an average of 7.09 ± 1.56 cm with a maximum value of 11.3 cm and a minimum of 5.3 cm. Punta Terraplén presented an average of sizes for a greater radius (R) equal to 7.31 ± 1.40 cm, this being greater than that registered in Punta Bonita 6.91 ± 1.48 cm. The ecological aspects studied in this research work generate information of great importance to have references associated with the ecology of this species and to be able to lay the foundations for new research.

The growth of a commercial strain of the Pleurotus ostreatus fungus in different substrate combinations was evaluated and in this way determine the treatment with the best efficiency and performance. The substrates evaluated were corn husk (Zea maiz), almond leaves and wood sawdust. The substrates were immersed in water with 20% sodium hypochlorite for 24 hours in 100 L tanks, subsequently, water was changed twice and 4 kg of quicklime was added for every 100 L of water. 1.0 Kilogram (Kg) of each of the substrates was prepared. The substrates were placed in transparent plastic bags with a capacity of 1.5 kg and seeded with 50 g of the prepared inoculum (5%). The substrates were incubated at 27 ° C and in total darkness, until the mycelium covered all the material. Mycelial growth, time of appearance of primordia, weight of carpophores, biological efficiency and yield were evaluated. In total, 1,792 grams were obtained in total, distributed as follows: 634 grams in treatment 1 (M-Corn 100%), 578 grams in treatment 2 (A- Sawdust 100%), 0 grams in treatment 3 (AL- Almond) 0 grams in treatment 4 (AL- A 50% Almond- 50% Sawdust) 580 grams in treatment 5 (MA 50% Maize- 50% Sawdust) and 0 grams in treatment 6 (AL-M 50% Almond- 50% Corn). In treatments 3, 4 and 6 the death of the mycelium was evidenced.

La familia Bromeliaceae es un grupo de plantas que juegan un papel importante en los ecosistemas tropicales, ya que estas despliegan mecanismos novedosos para sobrellevar la sequía y la obtención de nutrientes sin tomarlos del forófito, tal especialización requiere de la asociación con microorganismos endófitos que suministran elementos esenciales como el fosfato. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la diversidad de bacterias endófitas con capacidad de solubilizar fosfato asociadas a las especies Tillandsia elongata Kunt. y Tillandsia flexuosa SW. T de un fragmento de bosque seco tropical (bs-T) Las Palomas, Montería - Córdoba. Para ello se obtuvieron bacterias endófitas de hojas y raíces, donde la densidad poblacional varió entre 0,08x10-5 y 0,71x10-2 UFC/mL a las que se les evaluó in vitro la capacidad de solubilizar fosfato sembrándolas en un medio rico en fosfato tricálcico (NBRIP). Los resultados de la actividad in vitro de la solubilización de fosfato mostraron que de los 48 morfogrupos aislados, 17 presentaron esta actividad solubilizadora, en los que se encontraron bacterias Gram positivas y Gram negativas, alguno de estos pertenecientes a los géneros; Klebsiella, Shigella y Bacillus, además se encontraron 7 morfotipos de hongos endófitos y 3 de ellos fueron capaces de solubilizar fosfato. Estos resultados proponen que las especies T. elongata y T. flexuosa, presentes en bs-T contienen microrganismos endófitos dentro de sus tejidos con capacidad de brindarles factores de crecimiento como el fosfato.

En este estudio se describió la acústica del canto de Chauna chavaria. Para cada vocalización se midieron parámetros espectrales y temporales. Se encontró que C. chavaria emite tres variaciones de llamados y tres variaciones de cantos. Los llamados presentaron frecuencias bajas, corta duración y notas simples, en cambio los cantos, tienen frecuencias más altas, larga duración y notas complejas. Los parámetros acústicos de mayor variabilidad son tiempo entre notas, número de notas y duración de la vocalización, mientras que los parámetros con menor variabilidad son frecuencia mínima, pico de frecuencia y frecuencia máxima. Las vocalizaciones fueron diferentes entre las horas del día, los picos de actividad vocal fueron diurnos. Sin embargo, se presentaron vocalizaciones nocturnas en menor proporción. Los llamados fueron el tipo de vocalización más frecuente a diferencia de los cantos. Finalmente, las vocalizaciones que emite C. chavaria son agudas, su estructura está conformada por notas con armónicos que difieren entre los tipos de vocalización.

Dentro de los grupos taxonómicos más influyentes en los ecosistemas marinos se encuentran los equinoideos, debido a su importancia dentro de las redes tróficas, reciclado de materia orgánica y control de poblaciones algales. Con el fin de evaluar la diversidad taxonómica y funcional de equinoideos regulares de Isla Fuerte - Colombia, se realizaron siete salidas de campo en tres localidades: Punta el Inglés, Latal y San Diego, entre noviembre de 2018 y septiembre de 2019. Se utilizó la metodología de Transecto en banda (10 m x 2 m), efectuando tres repeticiones por sitio (abarcando así un área de 60 m2), se procedió a contabilizar el número de especies, número de individuos por especie realizando censos visuales mediante buceo Snorkel. Por otra parte se colectaron 10 individuos por especie para el análisis de diversidad funcional. Con los datos de riqueza y abundancia se estimaron ciertos índices ecológicos (H’, J’, ʎ, Δ+, Δ*) y se revisaron cerca de 24 caracteres funcionales para calcular el índice de diversidad funcional de Rao (entropía cuadrática). Se reportaron un total de n=4,061 individuos, distribuidas en 4 familias, 5 géneros, y 6 especies, de las cuales el género Echinometra presentó las mayores abundancias (n=3,744). Echinometra lucunter presentó la mayor densidad (2.76 ind/m2), por su parte la menor la mostró Lytechinus variegatus (0.01 ind/m2). Los resultados indican diferencias estadísticamente significativas en todos los índices ecológicos entre los sitios de muestreo (p<0.05). Punta el Inglés presentó los mayores valores de diversidad de Shannon-Wienner, Uniformidad de Pielou y Dominancia de Simpson. De igual manera fue el sitio que evidenció mayor diversidad funcional (0.262). Así mismo, se encontró que esta sigue un patrón similar al de la diversidad de especies, reflejado en la alta correlación entre H’ y Rao (r= 0.96, p=0.001). En conclusión, los resultados obtenidos ponen en manifiesto la importancia de complementar los estudios de diversidad taxonómica con el componente funcional, ya que revelan patrones más claros de cambios de la diversidad en los ensambles, además de ser importantes para el conocimiento de este grupo de invertebrados en el área de estudio y en general para el Caribe colombiano.