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This extension project was developed at the Cereté (Córdoba) municipality supply center, CEREABASTOS. The objective was to apply a training program in good sanitary hygiene practices aimed at food vendors in the public market of Cereté. Initially, 31 outlets were selected for which a descriptive diagnosis was made through a survey that helped determine the conditions of utensils, cleanliness, infrastructure, food outlets, training, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Hygienic Practices (BPH). Subsequently, six outlets were selected that included the sale of dairy, meat, fish, and fruits, vegetables and vegetables to which the microbiological tests of fecal coliforms, environment and manipulators were applied. It was found that the food group with the greatest deficit in complying with the evaluated categories was fish with 19.42% while dairy obtained the highest score with 45.71%, this showed that the conditions of sale were not adequate and that in addition put the consumer's health at risk. On the other hand, the presence of total coliforms and S. aureus was discovered, evidencing the contamination of 100% of the evaluated outlets. Two days of training were carried out on the proper application of GMP and the proper handling of food, showing in subsequent visits the application of what was learned in the conditions of their outlets.

The research was carried out on the MTai-8 variety of bitter or industrial cassava (Manihot sp.) At the field level cultivated in a locality of the middle Sinú of the Colombian Caribbean, with the objective of determining the response of this variety when subjecting propagules yucca to stimuli with different concentrations of the auxin biostimulant ANA applied in pre-planting. The investigation took six months, where destructive samplings were taken every month and, to this, a study of some of the physiotechnical indices was carried out, such as LAR, LAI, NAR, RGR and CGR, in the same way the performance in dry matter was evaluated of the crop. Before planting at field level, the cuttings were immersed for 15 minutes in auxin biostimulant, a product commercially known as Hormonagro® (ANA 17.2g / L). The concentrations of the biostimulant evaluated on the culture were 0 ppm (control in water), 100 ppm and 200 ppm. After this, a completely randomized block trial was set up. The effect of the treatments became visible from 60 DDS when the differentiation in the increase of the biomass of the organs began, showing clear significant differences between the treatments. Regarding the determination of LAR and LAI, the treatment of 100 ppm of auxin biostimulant is postulated as the treatment with the highest exposure of foliar area to radiation. The NAR, RGR, these indices show clear fluctuations which indicates the normal development of the crop for the three treatments; CGR shows that the 100 ppm treatment is the most effective treatment in terms of agronomic productivity. Everything that concerns crop yield during the six months after sowing shows that T2 or stimulating the cassava cuttings in pre-sowing with a concentration of 100 ppm of auxin biostimulant is the best treatment, since it induced the values to be obtained higher in terms of efficiency and production and accumulation of crop biomass. Finally, the application of auxins at 100 ppm to the cuttings of cassava variety MTai-8 in pre-planting, showed that the plants undergo greater differentiation and a better performance was shown in the development of the crop until 6 months of age. In addition to this, the results of this research suggest that the application of exogenous auxins should be continued at the field level, until more specific results are achieved.

Of the grain cereals, maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important due to its participation in food security, in the municipality of cerete its importance is not alien since it contributes not only to food security but also also in the economy of the ceretans, whose soils have high agricultural potential, but fertilization practices are scarce, this is why the need to relate zincbased foliar fertilization with the physiological and crop yield components with the search to improve the growth and development of maize crop. For this, a trial was established in the municipality of cerete, where 3 doses of zinc were evaluated under a randomized complete block design, the variables evaluated were: Plant Height (AP), Number of Leaves (NH), Foliar Area ( AF), Dry Mass, Cob Length (LM), Rows by Cob (HM), Grains by Rows (GH), Weight of 1000 grains (P 1000 G) and Yield (RTO). The general results showed that for the variables of the physiological component AP, NH, AF and MS did not respond significantly to zinc doses, in the same way the variables of the performance component LM, HM, GH, P1000 G and RTO did not have increasing trend with increasing doses of zinc.

Bajo el supuesto de rendimientos constantes de escala en la agricultura del Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia, en esta investigación se analizó la evolución de la producción de 19 cultivos agrícolas. Se hizo descomponiendo la producción en tres componentes: el efecto-área, el efecto rendimiento; y el efecto interacción área-rendimiento. Los resultados indican que durante el período 1976-2017 aumentó la producción de Frijol caupí, Maíz tradicional, y Arroz secano mecanizado. Los dos últimos experimentaron cambio tecnológico pues fue el efecto-rendimiento el que contribuyó en mayor medida al crecimiento de la producción. En el período 1987-2017, la producción de cultivos permanentes aumentó en Cacao, Caña panelera, Ñame, Palma africana, Plátano, y Yuca. La expansión de la producción provino sobre todo del efecto–área y menos de incrementos notorios en rendimiento. En 15 años, 2003-2017, la producción de los cultivos permanentes de Frutas y Hortalizas aumentó en Papaya y Mango. La principal fuente de crecimiento de la primera provino de mejoras en rendimiento. Se recomienda identificar las principales innovaciones técnicas y los factores de oferta y de demanda que han conducido al comportamiento exitoso de tales cultivos.

Cowpea bean is a crop of social, economic and nutritional importance of the Colombian Caribbean, which according to some reports, has been affected in its yield, due to environmental changes especially high temperatures, which are increasing with the passing of the times. These fluctuations can cause negative effects on cowpea bean crop pollen viability. This research was carried out at Universidad de Córdoba aiming to evaluate the viability of pollen from three cowpea bean cultivars collected at different hours (6.00, 8: 00, 10: 00 and 12:00) and to determine the effect of different environments (fridge and cold-room, 1,1 ±0,5°C y RH 68% y 5,6 ± 1,0°C y RH 48%),) on pollen viability storaged for 6 and 12 days, which was determined by using staining methods with 1% Acetocarmín and 3% tetrazolium. Pollen was obtained from the collection of flower buds in anthesis in which temperature and relative humidity records were taken at the time of each sampling, using a using a completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement of three factors; 2 (storage conditions), 3 (conservation times) 3 (genotypes), with four repetitions for pollen conservation. Regarding the time of collection, it was used a completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement of two factors; 4 (hours of collection) and 3 (genotypes) for a total of 12 treatments, with four repetitions. The results stated that storage conditions do not impact pollen viability. As a matter of fact, conservation time and each genotype pollen features do influence its viability. With acetocarmin test were obtained the highest percentage of viable pollen (90%), in contrast with tetrazolium test, which was 70% where the pollen collection time did not affect its viability

The cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is a legume of great importance in the world diet, being one of the main sources of protein, fibers, carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins of vulnerable populations in tropical countries. In Colombia, in the department of Córdoba and the entire Colombian Caribbean; paradoxically it is among the orphan species of research and breeding programs; which generates a technological gap. The supply of minerals and proteins is insufficient to cover the nutritional requirements of the inhabitants in underdeveloped countries, generating hidden hunger, which has a special impact on the growth and development of infants and pregnant women, due to the fact that these populations lack resources for the intake of animal protein and supplementary minerals, so they must resort to plant sources as the species studied in this work, so it is necessary to conduct research aimed at the identification and evaluation of alternative food sources of nutrition for the region of Cereté, an area with nutritional problems in rural areas and low strata. The following research aims to know the agronomic and nutritional behavior of advanced lines of cowpea beans in the municipality of Cereté, as a new option of sowing and / or rotation with its agricultural tradition, the design of blocks was used completely at random with ten (10) treatments and four (4) repetitions with a population of 75 plants per experimental unit and 31,250 plants per hectare, from which the four central furrows will be harvested

El arroz (Oryza sativa L.) es considerado uno de los principales cultivos de gran importancia en el mundo por ser el alimento básico en muchas culturas culinarias. En los últimos años ha presentado problemas de contaminación con Hg, al estar este metal en constante flujo: suelo-aire-agua, sobre todo en la región de La Mojana donde los suelos son contaminados por efecto de lavado y arrastre de las aguas provenientes de la ciénaga de Ayapel y la cuenca del rio San Jorge. El objetivo de esta investigación fue cuantificar las cantidades de HgT y nutrientes absorbidos por la planta en función de seis [Hg] en el suelo (86, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000, y 10000 μg Hg kg-1 de suelo) de cuatro variedades de arroz sembradas en dos texturas diferentes: ArL (F-2000 y F-473) y FArL (F-67 y F-68). El estudio fue hecho en materas con 18 kg con suelos de la región de La Mojana bajo condiciones controladas, se investigaron seis tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones las variedades F-2000 y F-473 y tres repeticiones las variedades F-67 y F-68. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron en un diseño de bloques completos al azar (1x2x6). Al final del ciclo se evaluó: HgT/planta, Hg en raíces y granos pilados y cantidad de nutriente absorbido por planta, en cada una de las variedades. Para la evaluación de medias se utilizó la prueba de Tukey al 5% de probabilidades, comparando el factor de interacción [Hg] en el suelo e interacción entre variedades. El ANAVA de HgT/planta presento diferencias estadísticas (p<0,01) en cada una de las variedades, sobre todo en los tratamientos (2500, 5000, y 10000 μg Hg kg-1 de suelo). La variedad F-473 con acumulación de 1190,4 μg de Hg kg-1 de biomasa seca tuvo mayor absorción de Hg que la variedad F-2000. Mientras que la variedad F-67 con 1332,8 μg de Hg kg-1 de biomasa seca logro acumular mayor Hg que F- 68. El ANAVA de Hg en raíces y granos pilados en la evaluación de F-2000 y F-473 presento diferencia (p<0,01) en raíz y grano con mayor acumulación en la raíz la variedad F-473 (1069,6 μg de Hg kg-1 de biomasa seca) y mayor acumulación en el grano la variedad F-2000 (29,5 μg de Hg kg-1 de biomasa seca); mientras que en la evaluación de F-67 y F-68 se presentaron diferencias estadísticas (p<0,01) en raíz y grano con mayor acumulación en la raíz la variedad F-67 (1133,0 μg de Hg kg-1 de biomasa seca) y mayor acumulación en el grano la variedad F-68 (41,1 μg de Hg kg-1 de biomasa seca), demostrándose así que las raíces actúan como barreras retenedoras de Hg hacia la parte aérea de la planta. Las variedades emplazadas en las dos texturas no presentaron diferencias en la toma de nutrientes, el K, Ca, B, Mn y Fe fueron los únicos absorbidos en cantidades suficientes. Los resultados determinaron que el Hg incide en la absorción de nutrientes afectando la nutrición de la planta negativamente.

Se estimó el área foliar con parámetros biométricos de las hojas de cuatro genotipos de Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) Bertoni) en el Sinú medio, utilizando medidas morfométricas para expresar modelos matemáticos potenciales, lineales con intercepto y modificado, en función del largo (L), ancho (W) y/o el producto de ambas (LW). El experimento fue establecido entre noviembre de 2018 y abril de 2019 en el área experimental de la Facultad de Ciencias Agricolas de la Universidad de Córdoba, Colombia ubicado en las coordenadas geográficas 8° 47’ 31,5” de latitud norte y 75° 51’ 36,2” de longitud oeste. Se realizó un muestreo aleatorio simple de 1.500 hojas seleccionadas de 30 plantas por cada genotipo. Para la construcción de los modelos se utilizaron 1.000 hojas por cada genotipo generando en total 36 ecuaciones en función de L, W y LW; las 500 hojas restantes se utilizaron para comprobar la precisión de los modelos particulares. Adicionalmente, se generó un modelo general combinado utilizando 4.000 hojas que incluye a todos los genotipos y fue comparado estadisticamente con los modelos particulares de mejor ajuste. Los criterios estadísticos utilizados indicaron que los mejores modelos para todos los genotipos fueron el potencial y lineal con intercepto en función de W y LW, respectivamente; sin embargo, el modelo lineal presentó mayor estabilidad y precisión de los coeficientes estimados, por lo que se sugiriere utilizar este modelo para estimar el área foliar en su respectivo genotipo. Las ecuaciones para cada genotipo fueron: Y = 0,2629 + 0,6589 LW + εi, Y = 0,1607 + 0,6714 LW + εi, Y = 0,2957 + 0,5918 LW + εi y Y = 0,6245 + 0,5871 LW + εi para los genotipos C04, C16, C18 y MII, respectivamente. Sin embargo, los análisis de varianza demostraron que los coeficientes estimados del modelo general y particular difieren estadísticamente por lo que no fue posible agrupar los cuatro genotipos de Stevia.