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Prostate cancer (PC) is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide and the second most diagnosed malignancy in men, being the leading cause of death in the Colombian male population. Prostate cancer cells show abnormal metabolic and redox activity, and emerging evidence indicates that the behavior of this type of cancer has been related to aggressive tumor characteristics such as chemoresistance, invasiveness, and metastatic potential, among others. In addition, drugs used in clinical oncology have narrow therapeutic indexes with adverse toxicity, often involving oxidative damage to normal tissues. Docetaxel (DCT) is an antineoplastic drug used to treat PC; its cytotoxicity and emerging resistance have limited its efficacy. Combination therapies are intended to sensitize tumors and protect unaffected tissues, which increases the therapeutic index. Sulforaphane (SFN) is a phytochemical of broad clinical interest due to its anticancer properties and promising effects in combination therapies. Consequently, the present research aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of SFN and DCT on an in vitro model of PC with different sensitivity to chemotherapy as an antitumor strategy. In this experimental-type investigation, PC cell lines with different levels of tumorigenicity and chemoresistance, as well as the non-tumorigenic counterpart, were used to offer different redox and metabolic characteristics. RWPE-1, LNCAP, and PC3 cell lines were seeded at a density of 5x103 cells/well in 96-well culture plates and treated with SFN and DCT for 72 h to determine effects on viability, mitochondrial activity, and cell death. Possible interactions of treatments were analyzed by isobologram analysis at 48 h. At the same time, promising mean concentrations in a combination of IC50 of SFN and DCT were evaluated for their effect on glycolytic and redox metabolism by analysis of glucose consumption and lactate production, intracellular levels of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), relative mitochondrial mass; the antioxidant status with the measurement of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) Glutathione, finally the expression of SOD2 and LDHA genes regulated by Nrf2 and HIF1- α. The results obtained showed reduced viability of LNCAP and PC3 tumor cells after SFN and DCT treatments in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Lower sensitivity to treatments was observed in non-tumor RWPE-1 cells. Isobologram analysis indicated a possible synergistic effect between SFN and DCT. SFN IC50s showed mitochondrial activity measured by MTT in tumor cells. The combination of SFN and DCT triggered apoptosis in tumor models by inducing an increase in ROS levels, an increase in mitochondrial mass in LNCAP cells, a down-regulation of LDHA, and a decrease in lactate levels. Despite the induction of apoptosis by the treatments in PC3 cells, no significant chemo sensitization of redox and glycolytic metabolism was observed, suggesting the existence of differences in the glycolytic pathway of the tumor cell models, as well as an essential antioxidant defense system that could be evading cell death induced by the combination treatments, the findings of this study could link other sensitization pathways that modulate the viability or death of these cells. These results are the first to demonstrate effects on redox and glycolytic metabolism of SFN and DCT interaction in CP cells.

The objective of this research work was to characterize the composition and physicochemical parameters of the lipid fraction of three sunflower hybrids (Helianthus annuus, L) under agroclimatic conditions in the municipality of Monteria Córdoba, Colombia. For this, the three hybrids were cultivated in the agricultural fields of the University of Córdoba subjected to three treatments and a control, as follows: T1: control, T2: chemical fertilization, T3: earthworm humus (100%), and T4: chemical fertilization. (50%) + Earthworm humus (50%). 120 days after cultivation, the seeds were collected for treatment in the laboratory, where oil extraction was carried out using the soxhlet method, the yield of crude oil, the lipid profile, and the physicochemical parameters (moisture, density, acid number, peroxides and saponification). Among the main results, the high yield of the three sunflower hybrids stands out, specifically in Esbela and Verónica, this was higher in the control treatment (41.63±2.68 and 38.43±2.61%, respectively) (p0.05). In the lipid profile, the percentage of unsaturated FA was numerically higher in T1 (7.32%), T4 (5.73%) and T3-T4 (5.39-5.27%) in the hybrids Verónica, Esbela and Shakira, respectively (p<0,05), represented in greater proportion by linoleic and oleic acid in all treatments in the three varieties, noting a slight decrease in Shakira. Regarding the quality of the oil, the parameters of humidity (0.015 to 0.05%), density (0.91 to 0.96 g/mL), acidity index (0.28 to 1.43 mg KOH/g), peroxides (9.6 to 12.6 meq O2/Kg) and saponification (191.03 to 203.28 mg KOH/g), were found within the normal ranges reported for vegetable oils. In conclusion, the oils of the Esbela, Verónica and Shakira hybrids grown in different types of fertilizers, have the characteristics and quality parameters for their production and use in the Cordoba region, even without the need for the application of chemical or organic fertilizers.

Sweet guava (Psidium guajava L.) is a fruit tree of the Myrthaceae family with a wide distribution in tropical and subtropical areas, it is of great commercial interest due to its fruits with a pleasant flavor and high nutritional value. Due to its economic importance and its autochthonous condition in the department of Córdoba-Colombia, three populations of P. guajava corresponding to the municipalities of Sahagún, Tierralta and Cereté were characterized by microsatellite-type molecular markers (SSR). Of the twelve markers evaluated, seven were polymorphic and presented a total of 44 alleles distributed in three populations. The Polymorphic Information Content (PIC) was variable in the territories, finding the markers mPgCIR07 and mPgCIR20 as highly informative. The heterozygosity observed was 0.179, 0.081 and 0.555 for Sahagún, Tierralta and Cereté, respectively. The coefficient of differentiation between populations has an average of FST = 0.271 and a percentage of interpopulation variation of 7%, these results were reflected in the Bayesian clustering with DeltaK = 3 as the most probable number of genetic groups and in the differential distribution of the three populations in the principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Cereté was characterized by a high genetic diversity as a result of the high family agricultural activity and productivity of this species in the soils of the present municipality, while the guava populations of the municipalities of Tierralta and Sahagún presented high inbreeding and a high interpopulation genetic differentiation was found, probably attributed to little interest in its production.

The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of vermicompost on the quality of sunflower silage (H. annuus L.), in three hybrids Verónica, Shaquira and Esbella grown in the medium Sinú-Córdoba. A randomized complete block design of divided plots, with four treatments was used: T1 control, T2 chemical fertilization (Urea-NUTRIMON®), T3 vermicompost fertilization and T4 combined fertilization and three replications. The climatological parameters of the area of influence were monitored during the sunflower crop cycle, such as temperature, precipitation, humidity, solar radiation in the area of the middle Sinú, at the La Victoria de Fedearroz Mocarí weather station in Montería. Yield parameters in wet weight, dry weight percentage and moisture percentage of morphological structures of 12 plants in R6 phase, randomly selected by treatment of the central rows, were determined 13 weeks after sowing. To determine the nutritional value of sunflower silage (crude ash, moisture content, crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber (%)), through proximal analysis, a total of 36 samples (three repetitions) distributed in PVC tubes of 6¨, hermetically sealed, differentiated with the respective treatment and stored at room temperature for a period of 15 months. The treatments with the highest percentage of dry weight and percentage of moisture were treatments T3 and T1 with values of 26.72 and 78.44% respectively, in terms of silage quality, treatment T3 showed the highest averages in the variables crude protein, ethereal extract, crude fiber and in vitro digestibility, with values of 17.89; 13.25; 62.43 and 67.51% respectively. Therefore, we can affirm that the results obtained demonstrated the beneficial effect that the application of vermicompost confers on the species H. annuus L. at the Elevel of protection and yield under the agroecological conditions of the medium SinúCórdoba.

En Colombia, el cultivo de peces ha crecido exponencialmente en las últimas décadas, sobrepasando otros sistemas de producción animal; en contraste, las capturas de peces provenientes de la pesca industrial principalmente artesanal, han disminuido considerablemente, debido a factores ambientales y antropogénicos, como la contaminación industrial, la sobrepesca, el desconocimiento del potencial de las especies, entre otros. Lo anterior, exige desarrollar acciones tendientes a la protección, conservación y uso sostenible del recurso íctico nativo, tales como, la producción de alevinos en cautiverio para repoblamiento, para ello, es necesario conocer la bioecología y la biología del desarrollo (morfogénesis, crecimiento y diferenciación celular) de los organismos. Objetivo: Evaluar el desarrollo ontogénico y morfofuncional de alevinos de Prochilodus magdalenae y Curimata mivartii con fines de repoblamiento y seguridad alimentaria. Metodología: A parentales traídos del medio natural, se determinó el estado de madurez y se realizó inducción hormonal para la reproducción e incubación artificial para los embriones. Una vez obtenidas las muestras de huevos, larvas y alevinos se emplearon las técnicas de tinciones histológicas, microscopia óptica y electrónica de barrido, para detallar las etapas de desarrollo (escisión, blástula, gástrula, segmentación y organogénesis) y ontogenia temprana. Resultados: En promedio, la eclosión se presentó a las 12,67 y 11,17 hpf, la apertura bucal a las 1,6 y 2,5 dpe, la reabsorción total del saco vitelino e inicio de la alimentación exógena a los 2,5 y 5-6 dpe, desarrollo de ojo y otros órganos sensoriales a los 6-7 dpe y, desarrollo completo del tracto digestivo a los 15 dpe para Prochilodus magdalenae y Curimata mivartii, respectivamente; también a los 15 dpe está muy desarrollado el sistema muscular y esquelético para ambas especies. Conclusión: los resultados del presente estudio permiten concluir que, bajo las condiciones experimentales, después del día 15, los alevinos de las dos especies están listas para liberar al medio natural, o para llevarlas a estanques para engorde.

This project focused on determining the pectinolytic capacity of enzymes from the genus Aspergillus (P. Micheli, 1729), using pineapple albedo, passion fruit albedo, a mixture of pineapple and passion fruit albedo, and commercial pectin as the only carbon source. Isolates were obtained from pineapple crops in the district of Sarandelo in the municipality of Lorica - Córdoba and passion fruit crops in the municipality of Purísima. Six isolates were preselected, of which three (M6P21, MM3 and M16P21) presented a greater growth halo in solid medium of 2% pectin. In the enzymatic production of the fungal extracts, four treatments were used: pineapple albedo, passion fruit albedo, mixture of pineapple and passion fruit albedo and commercial pectin; where the isolates Aspergillus M6P21, Aspergillus MM3 and Aspergillus M16P21 presented good results of the enzymatic activity analyzed by monitoring for 3 days and whose results were expressed in reducing sugar concentration. The isolate M6P21 presented excellent results in terms of the production of pectinolytic enzymes: in pineapple albedo 0.2816 g/L, in passion fruit albedo 0.2740 g/L, in the mixture of pineapple and passion fruit albedo 0.3923 g /L and commercial pectin 0.3046 g/L. In the Aspergillus MM3 isolate: in pineapple albedo 0.2856 g/L, in passion fruit albedo 0.2694 g/L, in the mixture of pineapple and passion fruit albedo 0.2549 g/L and commercial pectin 0.3090 g/L The isolate M16P21: in pineapple albedo 0.2433 g/L, in passion fruit albedo 0.2508 g/L, in the mixture of pineapple and passion fruit albedo 0.2625 g/L and commercial pectin 0.3175 g/L . According to the above, the enzymatic production for the isolates is reflected in the statistical anova: M6P21 with a P-value (0.9383), MM3 with a Pvalue (0.6038) and M16P21 with a P-value (0 .6723). An analysis of the incidence of pH variation in the enzymatic production of the three isolates was carried out, using pH values of 4.0, 5.6 and 6.5, during 3 days of continuous monitoring. The optimal pH for fungal enzymatic production was determined, with pH 6.5 and pH 4.0 being the values with the highest enzymatic activity. An enzymatic assay was carried out to observe the clarification in 4 fruit juices, pineapple, passion fruit, star fruit and sour guava; where positive results were achieved in the clarification of these juices. In conclusion, the enzymes obtained from the isolates M6P21, X MM3 and M16P21 have pectinolytic capacity, which during a fermentation process are capable of degrading pectin from natural sources.

During the years 2020 to 2021, a sunflower crop Helianthis annuus L hibrid Shakira was grown, under four different treatments: T1: without fertilizer, 100% T2: chemical fertilization, T3: 100% humus, and T4: 50% chemical fertilization + 50 % humus, in Monteria, Córdoba, with the aim of verifying the effect of humus on the physicochemical properties of the oil, the cake and the fatty acid composition of the oil through gas chromatography. At the extracted oils were determined physicochemical properties such as: density, humidity, acidity, peroxide index and saponification, in the case of the proximal analysis it was determined: moisture, proteins, fiber, ethereal extract and ashes, differences were presented in the four treatments in: performance, physicochemical properties and proximal analysis. The results obtained showed that the worm humus had a positive effect on the growth and productivity indicators evaluated for the Helianthus annuus L variety Shakira crop, as well as on the agricultural yield, compared to the control without application of the bioproduct. Relatively high amounts of unsaturated fatty acids were obtained from crude oil (> 75% to 85%), where T2 (chemical fertilizer) had better results. The analysis proximal to the residual cake showed higher protein and fat contents and low moisture, ash and fiber contents.

In order to evaluate the physicochemical properties of the crude oil obtained by pressing and its proximal analysis. Helianthus annuus L variety Esbella sunflower seeds were taken, which came from a crop where four control treatments T1, chemical fertilization T2, organic fertilization T3 and combined fertilization T4 were applied. The oil extraction was carried out through an expeller type machine where the oil was pressed and the respective cake was obtained. Each oil extraction and cake analysis was done in triplicate. The lipid profile was analyzed using the mass coupled gas chromatography technique. In turn, the physicochemical analysis was carried out in triplicate in each of the treatments, applying the AOAC (2009) standard. In the results obtained, the T2 treatment showed a better oil yield with 41.63% and a 56.67% yield for cake. Which frame statistical difference with respect to the other treatments. Regarding the determination of the lipid profile, the highest contents of unsaturated fatty acids were obtained by 29% oleic acid, 15% linoleic and followed by 3.1% palmitic saturated fatty acid. In relation to the physicochemical parameters, it was found that there were significant statistical differences in each of the variables analyzed, finding acceptable values that indicate good quality of the oil. In the close components of the sunflower cake, variables with statistically significant differences were found except for the ash and protein content, but with respect to these variables, good averages were presented in relation to ashes, the chemical fertilization treatment T2 obtained the best average of 7.42% and the same for the protein content in the same treatment yielded the best average percentage of 53.25%. For data analysis, a completely random statistical model was used using the IBMSPSS21 software.

El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en evaluar el efecto del lombricompost sobre el rendimiento y calidad del aceite crudo, y análisis proximal de torta de semillas Helianthus annuus L. hibrido Veronica, cultivadas en el Sinú medio bajo cuatros tratamientos de fertilización. A todos los aceites extraídos por prensado expeller, se les determinó el rendimiento, algunas propiedades fisicoquímicas (humedad, densidad, índice de peróxidos, acidez y saponificación) y la composición de ácidos grasos mediante cromatografía de gases, y el rendimiento y análisis proximal de la torta. Los resultados de rendimiento, propiedades fisicoquímicas del aceite y análisis proximal de la torta, indicaron que existe diferencias significativas (P<0,05) entre todos los tratamientos evaluados. El mayor porcentaje de aceite lo obtuvo el T2 (38,43 %) y el menor el T1 (29,03 %). En la caracterización fisicoquímica, el T3 presentó los valores más bajos a diferencia de los demás. La concentración de ácidos grasos evidenció altos porcentajes de ácido oleico (28 - 33 %) y linoleico (13 - 15 %), y en menor proporción ácido palmítico y esteárico (2 - 4 %). El análisis proximal de la torta, mostró elevados porcentajes de proteínas (50 - 54 %), grasas (13 - 21 %) y bajos contenidos de fibra (1 - 5 %). Además, no se reflejaron diferencias significativas (P>0,05) en cuanto a los rendimientos de torta. De acuerdo a lo anterior, se puede concluir que la aplicación de lombricompost al 100 %, generó un efecto significativo sobre el rendimiento y la calidad del aceite crudo, y el análisis proximal de torta de semillas Helianthus annuus L. hibrido Veronica.

The application of symbiotic plant growth promoting bacteria is considered a biotechnological practice that contributes to optimize agricultural production systems and is presented as an option to reduce the use of synthetic fertilizers. In this study, native symbiotic bacteria with biofertilizer potential, isolated from rhizosphere stubble and pasture soils in the municipality of Tierralta Alto SinúDepartment of Córdoba, were characterized and evaluated. Soil samples were collected with roots in the first 15 cm of depth, in a zig-zag path, the samples were mixed and homogenized, approximately 1 kg of sample was taken from each zone, isolations were made in Burk's medium of microorganisms with morphological characteristics that coincided for symbiotic diazotrophs. The N-fixing capacity of the isolates of interest was measured using the Berthelot colorimetric technique (Lara et al., 2007), for the evaluation of phosphate solubilization the vanadomolybdophosphoric method was used (Sancho et al., 2004) and for the production of indole acetic acid (IAA) the colorimetric method was used using the Salkowski reagent (Sarmiento, 2006). The results of these biochemical tests showed that isolate R7 showed positive activity for plant growth promotion, with concentrations of 2,876 mg/L for ammonium ion, 1472,849 mg/L for phosphate solubilization and 5,919 mg/L for auxin production. According to molecular identification, strain R7 belongs to the genus Rhizobium. This morphotype was multiplied and the effect of the bioinoculant based on this native strain of the genus Rhizobium sp, on the biometric variables in Climacuna grass (Dichanthium annulatum-Forssk-Stapf) was evaluated by means of a trial under semi-controlled conditions in the municipality of Monteria, using a CRD with 2x3x2 factorial array with 3 replications that included soil type (natural-sterilized), chemical fertilization (0%-50%-100%) and inoculation (with and without) at a concentration of 108 CFU/ml in Burk's liquid culture medium. Biometric variables were measured 30, 60 and 90 days after emergence. In plants inoculated with the strain, a significant increase was observed for the following parameters: leaf area, plant length, root length, fresh weight, dry weight and leaf nitrogen content. In addition, similar results, without statistically significant differences, were observed between bacterial inoculation plus 50% fertilizer and 100% fertilization. These findings indicate that inoculation with the Rhizobium strain could reduce nitrogen fertilization doses of the pasture crop by up to 50% and thus alleviate environmental deterioration related to N contamination.

The present study, Determine the genetic load in dual-purpose livestock by means of QTL's genes in bull populations of the Montes de Maria region of the Bolívar department. It uses a quantitative methodology, the study focuses on scientific experimentation from a sampling of five localities: San Juan Nepomuceno 12 individuals, San Jacinto 10 individuals, Córdoba 10 individuals, El Guamo 10 individuals, Zambrano 24 individuals which presented a management of genetic selection by morphometric criteria and whose livestock present a known genealogy. In the result obtained, it is found that the bulls with the codes GU002, GU003, GU007, GU008 and GU010 from the municipality of Guamo, CO002, CO003, CO004, CO006 and CO008 from the municipality of Córdoba, ZN014, ZN021 and ZN024 from the municipality of Zambrano , SJ001, SJ002, SJ004, SJ005, SJ006 and SJ009 from San Jacinto, SJN002, SJN006, SJN010 and SJN012 from the municipality of San Juan Nepomuceno do not contain the QTL's genes for Meat and for milk in the proportions and minimum quantities necessary, if the intention is to seek a dual purpose livestock for the region.

Cadmium (Cd) is a biologically nonessential heavy metal that can cause toxic effects in plants, animals, and humans. In the cultivation of cocoa in Latin America, high concentrations of this element have been reported, exceeding the levels accepted by the European Union, compromising the safety of the final products and exports of the crop. In Colombia, cocoa cultivation is developed mainly under agroforestry systems (SAF), being important to identify and quantify the contribution of the companion species of the SAF and its contribution to the natural cycle of cadmium, for which the effect and accumulation were evaluated. of cadmium on the growth of four timber species associated with cocoa SAF (Tabebuia rosea, Terminalia superba, Pseudosamanea guachapele, Cariniana pyriformis) and nine cocoa genotypes (Theobroma cacao L.) used as rootstocks. This work was developed at the La Suiza - Agrosavia Research Center, using hydroponic substrate under greenhouse conditions, establishing one experiment per species studied, under a completely randomized design with three repetitions, three treatments were applied with increasing doses of cadmium (0, 6 and 12 ppm). Growth variables were recorded, and destructive tissue samples were made to quantify the Cd concentration at 120, 150 and 180 days after sowing. The foresters T. superba and A. guachapele presented the highest yield in biomass and accumulation of Cd in the shoots, demonstrating in turn the best tolerance of the forest species evaluated at 6 ppm of Cd, standing out with an important potential to restore soils contaminated by Cd. On the other hand, a group of cocoa genotypes with low Cd accumulation (IMC-67, PA46, PA-121) was found, concentrating most of the cadmium in the roots and one promoting a low translocation towards aerial tissues. These results suggest that there is important evidence on the way forward in cocoa crop breeding, linking agroforestry arrangements with phytoremediation 4 principles and selecting cocoa genotypes with low translocation and accumulation of Cd that mitigates the bioaccumulation of the metal in the bean. cocoa.

Sorubim cuspicaudus, es un bagre migratorio de importancia comercial, categorizado como especie vulnerable a la extinción. Es fundamental el conocimiento del desarrollo embrionario en peces nativos con potencial para la acuicultura, porque permite identificar eventos morfológicos y cronológicos, necesarios para establecer prácticas de manejo durante las fases de incubación y larvicultura. Para evaluar el desarrollo embrionario y larval, se tomaron dos machos y una hembra en maduración final y se indujeron a la reproducción con una dosis de 10 µg de análogo de GnRH/kg de peso vivo. Los ovocitos seminados fueron incubados en un sistema de flujo ascendente de 60 L, a 28±0.5 °C. Se observaron embriones en etapa temprana (cigoto, clivaje, blástula y gástrula) a intervalos de 5 minutos y tardía (segmentación hasta eclosión) a intervalos de 15 y 30 minutos. Además, se evaluó el uso de Bacillus subtilis y Bacillus licheniformis en larvas de Sorubim cuspicaudus de 42 horas post-eclosión (peso 1.5±0.1mg, longitud total 5.7±0.4mm), las cuales fueron sometidas a cuatro diferentes niveles de inclusión de probióticos en el agua 0, 5, 10 y 20 ppm durante 22 días y se evaluaron parámetros de desempeño productivo (ganancia de peso GP, ganancia en longitud GL, tasa de crecimiento específico TCE, Sobrevivencia y resistencia al estrés). Los ovocitos fertilizados presentaron forma esférica, sin adherencias y con amplio espacio perivitelino. La diferenciación del polo animal y vegetal ocurrió a las 0,5 horas postfertilizacion (HPF), el primer clivaje a las 0.58 HPF, y se observaron 4, 8, 16, 32, 64 células a las 0.75, 0.92, 1.08, 1.17, 1.33 HPF respectivamente. Periodo de blástula de 1.5 a 4.37 HPF, gástrula de 4.7 a 6.87 HPF, segmentación y organogénesis de 7.37 a 11.37 HPF, faríngula de 11.87 a 13.37 HPF. El desarrollo embrionario finalizó a las 15.92 (HPF). Apertura bucal 32 horas después de la eclosión (HPE), consumo de alimento exógeno 43 HAH a 26.6 °C, agotamiento del saco vitelino a las 70.5 HPE, pigmentación corporal 83.5 HPE, desarrollo de barbicelos 35.7 HAH, formación de aletas pectorales 5 días después de la eclosión (DPE), formación de aleta caudal 6 DPE, llenado de vejiga natatoria 10.2 DPE, estomago con glándulas gástricas día 12 DPH, adicionalmente hay desarrollo en otros órganos, incluidos órganos sensoriales y de locomoción. Con esta investigación podemos concluir que los alevinos de S. cuspicaudus presentan un desarrollo completo de los órganos incluyendo radios de aletas osificados, estómago glandular, intestino, demás segmentos del tracto digestivo y glándulas anexas así como los órganos sensoriales bien desarrollados, e instinto de huida, hacia el día 15 post eclosión, bajo las condiciones de manejo aquí descritas y, sugerimos que este es el momento óptimo para llevar a cabo los programas de repoblamiento y no antes. Del mismo modo se observó que la mayor Gl (22.23±3.5mm), Gp (40.0±12.6mg), TCE (14.9±1.5 %/día), LP (205±72.7µm) y UFC (118.7±80.9) se obtuvieron en el tratamiento de 20ppm (p<0.05). Sin embargo, S y Re no mostraron diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre tratamientos (p>0.05). La calidad del agua estuvo en los rangos adecuados para la especie. Con los resultados de esta investigación se puede concluir que, Bacillus subtilis y Bacillus licheniformis podrían ser una buena suplementación en la larvicultura de S. cuspicaudus, etapa en la cual se presenta las mayores tasas de mortalidad, convirtiéndose en el principal problema en la determinación del paquete tecnológico para la producción a gran escala.

The Trans-Andean Shovelnose catfish (Sorubim cuspicaudus) is an important species in the Colombian fishery with potential for cultivation due to the quality of its meat, high commercial value and good adaptation to captivity; their larvae have a reduced vitelline reserve and slow development of the digestive tract, which causes high mortality rates, thus, the availability of a nutritious diet at the beginning of exogenous feeding is essential. Within zooplankton, cladocerans are a form of living food suitable for their nutritional and enzymatic value, size, color and mobility. This research evaluated the influence of two cladocerans on the growth and development of the digestive system of tile larvae. In a completely randomized design, tile larvae with three days post hatching, at the beginning of their endoexotrophic feeding, were distributed in density of 25 larvae. L-1 in 10 L glass aquariums; for five days they were fed with four treatments: T1: Artemia nauplii (control), T2: Macrothrix sp., T3: Moina sp. and T4: Macrothrix sp. + Moina sp. (50:50), at a feeding density of 10 individuals. mL-1 , for a total of 100.000 prey per aquarium, offered three times a day. The performance parameters mortality (Ma), survival (S), resistance to stress (Re), weight gain (GP) and length (GL) and instantaneous growth rate (TCE) were evaluated. Histological and histochemical techniques using PAS, Alcian blue, Masson's Trichomic and Toluidine staining were performed to determine the morphology and development of the larval digestive system at the beginning and end of the experimental period. Daily, the temperature (27.70 ± 0.33 °C), dissolved oxygen (5.84±0.19 mg. L-1 ) and pH (7.93±0.06 units) were recorded. The cladocerans Macrothrix sp. and Moina sp. presented an average length of 453.7 and 698.5 µm, and an average width of 289.5 and 412.6 µm, respectively. The lowest percentage of mortality was presented with T4 (2.53±0.87 %), the highest percentage of survival with T2 (86.53±2.74 %) and the highest percentage of Re with T3 (93.33±3.33 %); the highest GP (4.7±0.24 mg), GL (4.05±0.06 mm) and TCE (37.14±0.85 %) was recorded with T1. Except for the resistance to stress of the larvae, all the treatments showed a significant difference (p

Probiotics and prebiotics are currently postulated as a potential replacement alternative to antibiotics used in subtherapeutic doses, as growth promoters. Among its advantages we find that they do not leave residues in the meat of the bird, they improve the integrity and stability of the intestinal flora and therefore the productive performance of the bird. The research evaluated in 300 Cobb 500 broiler chickens (female and male 1 day old), the effect of a biopreparation based on the probiotic Lactobacillus Sallivarus, a prebiotic and an antibiotic, on the productive indices of chickens, The inclusion of the three treatments was carried out from day 1 of life until day 42 as an additive in drinking water, minimum populations of 10 8 CFU / ml of lactobacillus were guaranteed, for the analysis of the data Ia was used Duncan's (1955) comparison test, with a level of significance with α = 0.05 Tukey's test was used to make multiple comparisons between means. In the experiment, some productive indicators were evaluated, among them, live weight, feed consumption, weight gain and feed conversion that were controlled at 7, 14, 21,28, 35 and 42 days, The results found in each of the treatments detected significant differences at 7, 28 and 42 days in feed conversion, with a significant decrease in this indicator in the chickens that were treated with the biopreparations based on Lactobacillus sallivarius, in relation to the other treatments. These data suggest that these biopreparations have a positive effect on the productive indices of broilers and can be used as an alternative to decrease the use of antibiotics as growth promoters