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The fireworm Hermodice carunculata PALLAS, 1766 belongs to the family amphinomidae, is characterized by its hive bite and the presence of calcified quetas that cover its entire body, however, its aposematic coloration is the most striking of this species. These organisms have varied and bright colors and some can reach large size. With this work, antioxidant activity was evaluated by the methods of the radical DPPH• and ABTS+• of the primary methabolic extract of the species Hermodice carunculata of exposed environment and protected from the swell, collected in dry and rainy season, by means of free search and manually. Antioxidant activity was determined to have no significant results (IC50 > 1000 mg/ml), but IC5O values allowed the study to be brought to comparison of extracts by the possibility of active secondary metabolites. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC50) had variations between the two sectors, so that those in exposed environments were considered "better activity" as they had lower concentration than the rest. On the other hand, these values were influenced by the action of the swell, the values furthest from the activity, were associated with the low impact environments of the waves, therefore, the effect of temperature and precipitation was added to it, also the coloration and size was a fundamental factor to attribute it to the antioxidant activity of Hermodice carunculata. It was proven through an analysis of main components that yellow and large specimens had low activity compared to those of brown and smaller size.

Los paisajes modificados originan mosaicos de áreas artificiales o seminaturales que conllevan a la pérdida o desplazamiento de especies nativas y extinciones locales, generando así, la homogeneización del paisaje que alteran la salud e integridad de los ecosistemas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue establecer la importancia de los elementos que conforman un paisaje transformado para la diversidad de escarabajos coprófagos en cuenca media del río Sinú, Córdoba-Colombia. Para establecer el valor de los elementos del paisaje que conforman el área del Centro de Investigación Turipaná (C.I) para la diversidad de escarabajos coprófagos se seleccionaron cinco coberturas vegetales. Las coberturas seleccionadas correspondieron a área boscosa seminatural (BO), sistemas silvopastoriles (SP), plantaciones forestales (PF), cultivos rotacionales (CR) y potreros de ganadería extensiva sin árboles (PT). Para cada cobertura vegetal se contó con tres repeticiones. En cada repetición de cada cobertura se trazó un transecto lineal donde se instalaron cinco trampas de caída separadas por una distancia entre 50 a 100 m entre sí. Los muestreos se realizaron entre octubre y noviembre de 2019. Se capturaron 3,813 individuos agrupados en once géneros y catorce especies. la diversidad verdadera no mostró diferencias entre las coberturas, aunque mostraron diferencias marginales entre SP y PT. El análisis NMDS evidenció la formación de cinco grupos, se muestra como las coberturas con estrato arbóreo BOs, PFs, SPs se separan de las coberturas sin árboles. la cobertura vegetal de los sistemas ganaderos es fundamental para sostener el ensamble de los escarabajos coprófagos y sobre todo los servicios ecológicos que estos ofrecen en los sistemas productivos.

The alterations in the forest structure cause changes in the microclimatic conditions that affect the taxonomic and functional diversity of sensitive organisms such as bryophytes; Consequently, they can influence the ecological processes that these organisms carry out and their responses to new environments. Objective. Characterize the brioflora in different covers (silvopastoral system (SSP) gallery forest (BG) and high secondary vegetation (VSA)) of a Tropical Dry Forest and the functional groups associated with water regulation. Materials and methods. Three 100 x 10 m transects and free runs were made in each coverage, with humidity, solar radiation and type of substrate recorded. Functional traits associated with water regulation were measured, such as stem width, length and width of the filidia, presence of leaves with amplecting bases, hyalodermis and imbricated filidia. Results. 19 species are recorded, 15 in VSA and 14 in both BG and SSP. The richest families are Fissidentaceae and Lejeuneaceae. The richest substrates are epiphyto-corticola and decomposing organic matter. Six functional groups were identified, which are present in all habitats, with the exception of functional group three (GF3) that was not recorded in BG. Conclusions. The availability of substrates for the bryophytes in the different coverages shows similarity, except for the absence of the epilitic in BG, which contrasts with the prediction, that in coverages with high luminosity and low humidity (SSP), the availability of microhabitats (substrates) it would be lower and therefore its diversity, which was not the case either because the diversity does not present significant variation in the coverage (p = 1), on the other hand, the richness of functional groups associated with water regulation varies between the coverage. In SSP, the richness is lower with respect to VSA and higher than BG, therefore, the results do not clearly show that the coverage with greater solar radiation and less humidity present less richness, but if less frequency and variation in composition, mainly compared to BG.

The transformation of the tropical dry forest has originated different types of cover that generate changes in the functional diversity and therefore in the hydrological dynamics in the new environments. Objective. Characterize the functional diversity associated with the water regulation of tree species in different plant covers in the department of Córdoba. Materials and methods. TIF and AF traits were measured; DAP, TC; AC, ARC and DC; in five individuals of the most abundant species in three vegetal covers: secondary forest, silvopastoral system and forest plantation. Descriptions of the traits of the species, tests of comparison of traits between covers and multivariate analysis were carried out to identify functional groups and how they are associated with the covers Results. Differences in AC, ARC and DAP were found between the coverages and three GFs were identified. The most important features for the separation of the GFs were the AF and DC. The GF1 was associated with interception strategies and predominated in the SSP coverage, on the other hand, the GFs two and three underwent capture strategies associated with the BS and PF coverage. Conclusions. The results allow to broaden the understanding of the water regulation process by analyzing the traits of the tree species and infer how the process occurs in the covers.

The present work was carried out in order to characterize the reproductive biology patterns of Caesalpinia ebano, endemic to the dry forests of Colombia. The study was carried out in the Jaguares de Montería ecological park in the department of Córdoba. Floral biology was described, different types of pollination were evaluated (induced self-pollination, cross-pollination, spontaneous self-pollination, open pollination) and the frequency of flower visitors was recorded. C. ebano presents hermaphrodite flowers with a length of 1.3 cm from the peduncle and an approximate average life span, from anthesis to dehiscence, of three days. The results obtained indicate that this species only produces fruits by cross pollination and open pollination, although in the induced self-pollination fruits were formed, all were aborted. According to the reproductive system that C. ebano presents, it is strictly dependent on pollinators for its reproductive success. The weight of the seeds and fruits were not significantly different between the treatments; however, there were significant differences regarding the number of seeds between the treatments. On the other hand, the floral visitor with the highest frequency of visits was A. mellifera.

El bosque seco tropical (BST) es considerado como uno de los ecosistemas más amenazados en el mundo. En Colombia, sólo queda aproximadamente el 8% de su cobertura original, representada en áreas que aún se encuentran sin estudiar y en su mayoría están expuestas a presiones históricas como la ganadería, agricultura e infraestructura humana, reflejando un ecosistema en estado crítico de fragmentación y degradación en Colombia. En este trabajo se caracterizó la estructura y composición en tres fragmentos de bosque seco tropical ubicados en la subregión Sinú Medio en el departamento de Córdoba. Se utilizó la metodología de Parcelas de Muestreo Rápido de Vegetación - RAP modificada. Se registran 1.336 individuos, agrupados en 68 familias, 158 géneros y 264 especies. Las familias con mayor número de especies fueron Fabaceae, Rubiaceae, Sapindaceae, Bignoniaceae, Malvaceae, Euphorbiaceae, y Lecythidaceae. Los géneros mejor representados fueron Serjania, Inga, Casearia, Coccoloba, Gustavia, Machaerium, Paullinia y Trichilia. Las familias con mayor importancia ecológica fueron Malvaceae, Rubiaceae y Fabaceae. Las especies Sterculia apetala (Jacq.) H.Karst, Cavanillesia platanifolia (Humb. & Bonpl.) Kunth y Ruprechtia costata Meisn, representan la mayor relevancia o peso ecológico. El hábito de crecimiento predominante para el área de estudio fue el arbustivo, aunque se presentaron diferencias entre cada localidad. Finalmente se relacionan 26 nuevos registros de especies vegetales para el departamento de Córdoba y 14 especies con prioridades de conservación.

Alu insertion elements are DNA sequences that are produced by a single mutational event and their ancestral status is known, it is estimated that there are more than a million copies of these elements, that is, they occupy approximately 11% of the human genome. The objective of the present investigation was to determine the genetic diversity of the human population of the municipality of Moñitos-Córdoba, through the use of Alu insertion polymorphisms in 50 unrelated individuals from five selected populations in the municipality. The study was carried out from saliva samples, from which the DNA was extracted, later the DNA amplification was carried out by PCR and the amplified ones were observed in agarose gels, finally through statistical analysis the following were determined: allelic frequencies, Observed heterozygosities (Ho), Expected heterozygosities (He), Fixation index, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Dendograms. All Alu markers were polymorphic, with frequencies ranging between 0.100 (A25) and 0.944 (HS3.23), the average values obtained for Ho and He were respectively 0.398 and 0.384, most of the markers were found in equilibrium of Hardy-Weinberg, except for the ACE and TRA25 markers, the genetic distance between the different populations studied, showed Miramar and Flores de Manga as the most related and Santa Lucia as the most distant among the populations evaluated. In conclusion, Moñitos population presented a high polymorphic level and low values of observed and expected heterozygosity, which indicates a low rate of genetic diversity.

In the taxonomy of angiosperm plants, floral characters have generally been preferred over vegetative characters, as evidenced in many of the classification, systems; however, these can vary significantly, making it difficult in some cases to identify plant species. Chemotaxonomy or chemosystematics, evaluates the presence of chemical compounds in plant species; the chemical aspect of the classification of plants is based on their constituents, that is, on their molecular characteristics; These, like morphological characteristics, are genetically controlled, but have the advantage over morphological ones, of being able to be described exactly in terms of defined structures and configurational chemical formulas. In this study, it was proposed to determine the presence of phenolic compounds (Flavonoids) in the foliar ethanolic extracts of the Ficus benjamina L; Ficus insipid Willd; Ficus elastica Roxb ex Hornem and Ficus bullenei I.M. Johnst species, in order to apply the comparative method of chemical structures and the existing taxonomic relationship between the investigated species, from the chemotaxonomic point of view. On the other hand, the antioxidant activity of the foliar ethanolic extracts of the species F. benjamina, F. insipida, F. elastica and F. bullenei was evaluated, using the methods DPPH• (2,2- Diphenyl-1picrilhidrazil), ABTS+• (Acid 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulphonic)) and FRAP (Iron Reduction Antioxidant Potential). For this, a range of working concentrations between 1 and 6 mg / L was established for all extracts. The IC50 values determined by the DPPH• method were 5.4 mg/L, 4.8 mg/L, 2.4 mg/L and 3.9 mg/L, respectively. For the ABTS+• method, the IC50 values calculated were 2.9 mg/L, 2.8mg/L, 3.7mg/L and 3.0 mg/L, for each species respectively. For these two methods 6-hydroxy-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid (Tolox) was used as a reference. The FRAP method was used with a concentration range between 1 and 5 mg/L. All the foliar ethanolic extracts evaluated presented iron reduction potential, the most active being the extract of the Ficus elastica species and the one with the lowest potential against the TPTZ complex, was the foliar EtOH extract of the F. bullenei species, compared to the substance of reference (Gallic acid).

In this research, the diversity of frugivorous butterflies was studied to answer how silvopastoral systems contribute to biodiversity in agricultural landscapes. Three livestock areas managed under the silvopastoral systems scheme were selected and compared with four of the land uses with the largest area in the C.I. Turipaná de Agrosavia (CR rotational crops, PF forest plantations, BO forests and extensive livestock pastures PT) and which in turn represent the typical coverage of the rural landscape of Cordoba. For each land use, three areas were selected that represented repetitions. Five Van Someren Rydon traps baited with ripe bananas and beer were installed in each replication. The traps were spaced 100 m apart and were active for 48 hours. 895 individuals belonging to four subfamilies, eight tribes, twelve genera and 15 species were collected. All species belonged to the Nymphalidae family. The alpha diversity analysis of the plant covers suggests that there were no significant differences between the covers. The NMDS ordering analysis (Stress = 0.08) revealed the formation of three groups, the first group consisting of BO, SP and PF coverages, the second and third group consisting only of one group, CR and PT respectively. Simper's analysis revealed that land uses with trees differed from CRs and PTs by registering higher abundance of Taygetis laches, Hermeuptychia hermes and Hamadryas feronia species. For its part, the PTs group differed from the CR coverage by presenting a lower abundance of Taygetis laches, and not registering Nica flavilla and Historis odius individuals. In conclusion, silvopastoral systems like the other land uses with trees (BO and PF), modify the assemblage of frugivorous butterflies favoring the abundance of some species; The opposite effect occurs with systems without trees (CR and PT).