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This extension project was developed at the Cereté (Córdoba) municipality supply center, CEREABASTOS. The objective was to apply a training program in good sanitary hygiene practices aimed at food vendors in the public market of Cereté. Initially, 31 outlets were selected for which a descriptive diagnosis was made through a survey that helped determine the conditions of utensils, cleanliness, infrastructure, food outlets, training, Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and Good Hygienic Practices (BPH). Subsequently, six outlets were selected that included the sale of dairy, meat, fish, and fruits, vegetables and vegetables to which the microbiological tests of fecal coliforms, environment and manipulators were applied. It was found that the food group with the greatest deficit in complying with the evaluated categories was fish with 19.42% while dairy obtained the highest score with 45.71%, this showed that the conditions of sale were not adequate and that in addition put the consumer's health at risk. On the other hand, the presence of total coliforms and S. aureus was discovered, evidencing the contamination of 100% of the evaluated outlets. Two days of training were carried out on the proper application of GMP and the proper handling of food, showing in subsequent visits the application of what was learned in the conditions of their outlets.

Currently it is important to find alternatives that allow us to develop a more profitable and environmentally sustainable agriculture, leaving aside agrochemicals, which can cause irreversible damage to ecosystems, in nature plants are prone to biotic and abiotic factors which considerably affect their yields. Crops are frequently affected by the appearance of weeds, which can cause great losses. The presence of weeds will have a negative effect on the crop as they will be competing for water, light and nutrients. The department of Córdoba has a wide flora of weeds due to the edaphoclimatic conditions that are present, likewise a great diversity of crops of agronomic importance such as corn, cotton, rice, banana and vegetables are developed, it is believed that many of these weeds and crops develop allelopathic substances that have the ability to directly or indirectly inhibit the germination phases, growth and reproduction of other plants. In this sense, the objective of this research is to carry out a systematic review of information on the effects of allelopathy and its use for weed control in agricultural crops of agronomic importance in the department of Córdoba. The results obtained in the research showed that the phenomenon known as allelopathy can be a great alternative for weed control in agroecosystems, since many plants with allelopathic potential are currently known, which will allow us to have a more sustainable agriculture with the environment.

La caña flecha Gynerium sagitatum Aubl.) es una especie vegetal de importancia para la cultura Zenú, cuyo legado cultural a partir de Sombrero Vueltiao, expresión ancestral de los habitantes de las sabanas de Córdoba y Sucre, y declarado como Símbolo Cultural de la Nación Colombiana.

Los procesos de calentamiento y enfriamiento de la superficie terrestre ocurren de manera natural debido principalmente a la cantidad de radiación solar incidente en la superficie de la Tierra, variaciones en la composición de la atmósfera y en el uso del suelo (WMO, 2011). Estos procesos han experimentado alteraciones observables desde hace ya varias décadas, representadas en un aumento anómalo de la temperatura global como resultado de la acumulación de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en la atmósfera, que al absorber la mayor parte de la energía infrarroja térmica emitida por el Sol y la Tierra, producen cambios en el clima global (Posada, 2012). Es así como el calentamiento climático global del Planeta es una realidad, no sólo evidenciado en el aumento de la temperatura promedio del aire y el océano, sino también en el deshielo de nieves y el aumento del nivel del mar (IPCC, 2007).

The cultivation of bananas is of great economic importance in our environment, in addition to being a great generator of jobs, for this reason it is important to contribute through our professional practices essential knowledge for the proper development of the crop. The business practice was carried out in the municipality of San Juan de Urabá - Antioquia in order to support the daily work and activities of the El Laguito farm, which is intended for the export of Hartón variety banana. These tasks focused on monitoring and evaluations from sowing to final production, pest and disease management, supervision in tasks such as fertilization and weed management, among others, noting that it is of great relevance to correctly develop all activities that are directly related with crop performance, especially the management of diseases such as Black Sigatoka that is limiting in production. In some cases, shortcomings were found in the way of carrying out the work and they were immediately supported by training the personnel, which contributed to an evident improvement in production, demonstrating that technical assistance in these cases is essential for the proposed goals regarding the expected returns are met.

The research was carried out on the MTai-8 variety of bitter or industrial cassava (Manihot sp.) At the field level cultivated in a locality of the middle Sinú of the Colombian Caribbean, with the objective of determining the response of this variety when subjecting propagules yucca to stimuli with different concentrations of the auxin biostimulant ANA applied in pre-planting. The investigation took six months, where destructive samplings were taken every month and, to this, a study of some of the physiotechnical indices was carried out, such as LAR, LAI, NAR, RGR and CGR, in the same way the performance in dry matter was evaluated of the crop. Before planting at field level, the cuttings were immersed for 15 minutes in auxin biostimulant, a product commercially known as Hormonagro® (ANA 17.2g / L). The concentrations of the biostimulant evaluated on the culture were 0 ppm (control in water), 100 ppm and 200 ppm. After this, a completely randomized block trial was set up. The effect of the treatments became visible from 60 DDS when the differentiation in the increase of the biomass of the organs began, showing clear significant differences between the treatments. Regarding the determination of LAR and LAI, the treatment of 100 ppm of auxin biostimulant is postulated as the treatment with the highest exposure of foliar area to radiation. The NAR, RGR, these indices show clear fluctuations which indicates the normal development of the crop for the three treatments; CGR shows that the 100 ppm treatment is the most effective treatment in terms of agronomic productivity. Everything that concerns crop yield during the six months after sowing shows that T2 or stimulating the cassava cuttings in pre-sowing with a concentration of 100 ppm of auxin biostimulant is the best treatment, since it induced the values to be obtained higher in terms of efficiency and production and accumulation of crop biomass. Finally, the application of auxins at 100 ppm to the cuttings of cassava variety MTai-8 in pre-planting, showed that the plants undergo greater differentiation and a better performance was shown in the development of the crop until 6 months of age. In addition to this, the results of this research suggest that the application of exogenous auxins should be continued at the field level, until more specific results are achieved.

Of the grain cereals, maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most important due to its participation in food security, in the municipality of cerete its importance is not alien since it contributes not only to food security but also also in the economy of the ceretans, whose soils have high agricultural potential, but fertilization practices are scarce, this is why the need to relate zincbased foliar fertilization with the physiological and crop yield components with the search to improve the growth and development of maize crop. For this, a trial was established in the municipality of cerete, where 3 doses of zinc were evaluated under a randomized complete block design, the variables evaluated were: Plant Height (AP), Number of Leaves (NH), Foliar Area ( AF), Dry Mass, Cob Length (LM), Rows by Cob (HM), Grains by Rows (GH), Weight of 1000 grains (P 1000 G) and Yield (RTO). The general results showed that for the variables of the physiological component AP, NH, AF and MS did not respond significantly to zinc doses, in the same way the variables of the performance component LM, HM, GH, P1000 G and RTO did not have increasing trend with increasing doses of zinc.

Bajo el supuesto de rendimientos constantes de escala en la agricultura del Departamento de Córdoba, Colombia, en esta investigación se analizó la evolución de la producción de 19 cultivos agrícolas. Se hizo descomponiendo la producción en tres componentes: el efecto-área, el efecto rendimiento; y el efecto interacción área-rendimiento. Los resultados indican que durante el período 1976-2017 aumentó la producción de Frijol caupí, Maíz tradicional, y Arroz secano mecanizado. Los dos últimos experimentaron cambio tecnológico pues fue el efecto-rendimiento el que contribuyó en mayor medida al crecimiento de la producción. En el período 1987-2017, la producción de cultivos permanentes aumentó en Cacao, Caña panelera, Ñame, Palma africana, Plátano, y Yuca. La expansión de la producción provino sobre todo del efecto–área y menos de incrementos notorios en rendimiento. En 15 años, 2003-2017, la producción de los cultivos permanentes de Frutas y Hortalizas aumentó en Papaya y Mango. La principal fuente de crecimiento de la primera provino de mejoras en rendimiento. Se recomienda identificar las principales innovaciones técnicas y los factores de oferta y de demanda que han conducido al comportamiento exitoso de tales cultivos.

La Unidad Municipal de Asistencia Técnica Agropecuaria, UMATA, en especial la de Valdivia ayuda al avance y progreso del sector agropecuario, por medio de atención, interés y la formulación de proyectos con miras a apoyar al campesino el cual contribuye con la producción agropecuaria colombiana. La problemática desarrollada en este trabajo de grado es la supervisión de labores de asistencia técnica en el cultivo de cacao. Fue realizada en el Municipio de Valdivia- Antioquia durante aproximadamente 5 meses. En el marco teórico se expone la clasificación del cacao, propagación del cacao, metodología para realizar injertos exitosos, importancia de la injertación, entre otros temas abordados. La metodología empleada se basó en la supervisión de labores y/o visitas a campo con miras a mejorar la calidad de vida de los productores y así ayudar a la erradicación de cultivos ilícitos que se presentan en la zona. La propuesta está dirigida a pequeños y medianos productores del Municipio de Valdivia con el fin de supervisar labores de asistencia técnica requerida en el cultivo de cacao (Teobroma cacao L.) De esta manera se implementaron actividades basadas en la mejora del cultivo, proporcionando acompañamiento a labores agrícolas desde la etapa de vivero hasta finalizar la pasantía, en consecuencia, para verificar el porcentaje de injertos exitosos con la ayuda de capacitaciones dirigida a los productores para mejorar habilidades y destrezas a futuras plantaciones. La pasantía contribuyó a la consolidación de lo aprendido en la Universidad, ayudando a la socialización y destreza en la comunicación con los productores del sector agropecuario.

Esta investigación se realizó con el propósito de mejorar la eficiencia de labores agronómicas en tres cultivares del híbrido interespecífico OxG: Coarí x La Mé, Manaos x Compacta y Brasil x Djongo mediante la escala BBCH, determinando fenológicamente el proceso de floración femenina. Este ensayo fue llevado a cabo en el lote dos (2) y tres (3) del Bloque cuatro (4) en el Campo Experimental Palmar de La Vizcaína (CEPV) (Barrancabermeja-Santander). Se hizo un seguimiento diario a las inflorescencias seleccionadas o en ocasiones día de por medio. Mediante un formato escrito y fotográfico se determinó la duración de los estadios de floración, la descripción en el periodo receptivo de inflorescencias sincrónicas y asincrónicas y la frecuencia de asincronía en cada uno de los cultivares. Se determinó que el material Manaos x Compacta presentó un ciclo tardío de floración en comparación con Coarí x La Mé y Brasil x Djongo. Manaos x Compacta también presentó la posición filotaxica más antigua en comparación de Coarí x La Mé y Brasil x Djongo. En cuanto a la duración del estadio 607, el cultivar que presentó mayor tiempo de receptividad en inflorescencias sincrónica fue Manos x Compacta, mientras que el cultivar con mayor tiempo de receptividad en inflorescencias asincrónicas fue Coarí x La Mé con 122,7 horas. Por otro lado, el cultivar que presentó mayor frecuencia de asincronía en el primer semestre de 2020 fue Manaos x Compacta, éste también presentó mayor cantidad de inflorescencias femeninas y masculinas.

El arroz, es el segundo cereales de mayor importancia y consume en el mundo, además es materia prima de gran importancia en la elaboración de alimentos procesados. La práctica empresarial se realizó con el objetivo de conocer el manejo agronómico de variedades de arroz (oryza sativa L) bajo diferentes épocas de siembra del centro de investigación la victoria Fedearroz – Montería. El estudio se realizó bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro (4) repeticiones, y seis (6) tratamientos (genotipos) por cada repetición. Las variedades evaluadas fueron Fedearroz 2000, Fedearroz 473, Fedearroz 70, Fedearroz 67, Fedearroz 68 y Fedearroz Yemaya. Para conocer cual o cuales presentan mejor comportamiento agronómico, rendimiento y de sus componentes, mediante seguimiento y toma de datos de las variables: Altura de plata, fases fenológicas de la planta, evaluación de daños bióticos. Los resultados muestran que la variedad Fedearroz 70 presentó un rendimiento superior a los demás materiales en todas las épocas de siembra, presentó el mayor rendimiento, con valores de 5,02 toneladas, superando a los demás materiales evaluados.

Pursuant to Articles 30 and 31, paragraph 3, of Act 99 of 1993, the Corporación Autónoma Regional de los Valles del Sinú y del San Jorge - CVS - has the function of promoting and developing community participation in environmental protection activities and programs, sustainable development and the proper management of renewable natural resources in the department of Córdoba. Based on the above, the CVS carries out monitoring, participation and environmental monitoring activities related to environmental education in the management of renewable waste and awareness-raising in environmental care, covering different aspects, the construction of a new Ethics and Environmental Culture in the department of Córdoba. The main objective of the present report is to present a series of strategies that are used in the management of the environment, pertaining to education to generate change, this shows a compilation of the results obtained from the monitoring, participation and training activities carried out in institutions, communities and entities of the municipalities of Córdoba that integrate people with a change of attitude to the lived environmental situation. nowadays, the continuous reviews of environmental problems in the media have made society as a whole see this problem as undesirable, because they directly relate the survival of living things to the planet’s environmental future, meaning, if we don’t take care of our environment, the mortality rate will rise. This has led to evidence and questioning of the aggressiveness of human behavior to the natural environment and highlights the need to change systems of knowledge and social values. This need for social change has meant that education and training are needed as the fundamental instruments to create a culture of awareness towards the sustainability of our Flora and Fauna. The precise objective of achieving education and training to solve the problems of aggressive human behavior in the face of the environment is the socialization and assimilation of new cultural patterns: ethics in the exploitation of resources, clean technology, etc. These guidelines should serve as an instrument of integration and change in society.

Cowpea bean is a crop of social, economic and nutritional importance of the Colombian Caribbean, which according to some reports, has been affected in its yield, due to environmental changes especially high temperatures, which are increasing with the passing of the times. These fluctuations can cause negative effects on cowpea bean crop pollen viability. This research was carried out at Universidad de Córdoba aiming to evaluate the viability of pollen from three cowpea bean cultivars collected at different hours (6.00, 8: 00, 10: 00 and 12:00) and to determine the effect of different environments (fridge and cold-room, 1,1 ±0,5°C y RH 68% y 5,6 ± 1,0°C y RH 48%),) on pollen viability storaged for 6 and 12 days, which was determined by using staining methods with 1% Acetocarmín and 3% tetrazolium. Pollen was obtained from the collection of flower buds in anthesis in which temperature and relative humidity records were taken at the time of each sampling, using a using a completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement of three factors; 2 (storage conditions), 3 (conservation times) 3 (genotypes), with four repetitions for pollen conservation. Regarding the time of collection, it was used a completely randomized experimental design with a factorial arrangement of two factors; 4 (hours of collection) and 3 (genotypes) for a total of 12 treatments, with four repetitions. The results stated that storage conditions do not impact pollen viability. As a matter of fact, conservation time and each genotype pollen features do influence its viability. With acetocarmin test were obtained the highest percentage of viable pollen (90%), in contrast with tetrazolium test, which was 70% where the pollen collection time did not affect its viability