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Utilizando biogeografía histórica y modelos de nicho ecológico para analizar la diversificación del grupo de especies Craugastor Fitzingeri

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dc.audience
dc.contributor.advisorBracho Altamiranda, Faidithspa
dc.contributor.advisorOrtega León, Ángelaspa
dc.contributor.authorBracho Altamiranda, Cesia Nelaspa
dc.date.accessioned2023-01-27T21:43:41Z
dc.date.available2023-01-27T21:43:41Z
dc.date.issued2023-01-27
dc.description.abstractHistorical biogeography in essence is the study of the geographic distribution of organisms in terms of their evolutionary history. Studying the relationship between geographic space and species diversity provides an important tool to understand at least in part the speciation process, especially in very diverse and widely distributed groups, such as the species of the genus Craugastor; which, not only present particular characteristics of life history, but also of evolutionary history. This introduces great tension when trying to understand how the northsouth recolonization events occurred above oceanic waters. The group of species Craugastor fitzingeri, which includes eight species distributed from northern Central America to northern South America, is of Central American origin; Therefore, six hypotheses related to the biogeographic history of this species (I,II,III,IV), a phylogeographic analysis (V) and environmental comparisons of the niche of said species (VI) were tested. To analyze the phylogenetic relationships and the divergence times of the species of the group, a phylogeny was carried out under Bayesian inference with estimated divergence times. In order to identify the most important events in the diversification of the east and its relationship with the geological and/or biogeographical history of the continent, a ancestral ranges reconstruction was carried out using the S-DIVA method, and the biogeographical regions established by Morrone (2014). Once these two points were analyzed, different paraphyletic groups were observed eventhough the C. fitzingeri clade was monophyletic (Pp=1); therefore, C. longirostris was taken as a case study to review how much molecular variation could be recorded in a widely distributed species. For this, the calculation of genetic distances (Tamura-Nei), a phylogenetic tree under Bayesian inference for the species and an analysis of genetic structure (Fst) were performed. Finally, the environmental niches of the species of the group were compared, using a niche equ ivalence test and a niche similarity test. Hypotheses I and II were fulfilled, since the dispersion was the most important event to explain the diversification of the group, in addition to having correspondence with the geological events of the continent. The phylogenetic relationships of the group were not very clear, but three independent lineages could be distinguished in the Colombian Chocó for C. longirostris, so it is possible that adaptations are taking place at the local level. The Fst values were close to 1, thus confirming that a case of directional selection may be occurring, at least for the Colombian C. longirostris populations. The comparisons in the environmental space, although they were not conclusive, allow us to infer that ecological 10 studies should not be separated from the genetic processes and the phylogeographic patterns of the species. It is also recommended to include more genetic information that covers a greater range of distribution for each species, added to a greater diversity of genes.spa
dc.description.degreelevelPregradospa
dc.description.degreenameBiólogo(a)spa
dc.description.modalityTrabajos de Investigación y/o Extensiónspa
dc.description.resumenLa biogeografía histórica en esencia es el estudio de la distribución geográfica de los organismos en términos de su historia evolutiva. Estudiar la relación que existe entre el espacio geográfico y la diversidad de especies proporciona una herramienta importante para comprender al menos en parte el proceso de especiación, sobre todo en grupos muy diversos y ampliamente distribuidos cómo son las especies del género Craugastor, que no sólo presentan características particulares de historia de vida, sino también de historia evolutiva; lo cual, introduce gran tensión al intentar entender cómo ocurrieron los eventos de recolonización norte-sur por encima de las aguas oceánicas. El grupo de especies Craugastor fitzingeri, que comprende ocho especies distribuidas desde el norte de América Central hasta el norte de América del Sur, es de origen Centroamericano; por lo cual, se pusieron a prueba seis hipótesis relacionadas con la historia biogeográfica de éste (I,II,III,IV), un análisis filogeográfico (V) y comparaciones ambientales del nicho de dichas especies (VI). Para analizar las relaciones filogenéticas y los tiempos de divergencia de las especies del grupo se realizó una filogenia bajo inferencia Bayesiana con tiempos de divergencia estimados. Para identificar los eventos más importantes en la diversificación del este y su relación con la historia geológica y/o biogeográfica del continente, se realizó una reconstrucción de áreas ancestrales utilizando el método S-DIVA, y las regiones biogeográficas establecidas por Morrone (2014). Una vez analizados estos dos puntos, se observaron diferentes grupos parafiléticos aun cuando el clado C. fitzingeri fue monofilético (Pp=1); por lo cual, se tomó a C. longirostris como caso de estudio para revisar cuánta variación molecular podría registrarse en una especie de amplia distribución. Para esto, se realizó el cálculo de distancias genéticas (Tamura-Nei), un árbol filogenético bajo inferencia Bayesiana para la especie y un análisis de estructura genética (Fst). Finalmente se compararon los nichos ambientales de las especies del grupo, utilizando un test de equivalencia de nicho y un test de similaridad de nicho. Las hipótesis I y II se cumplieron, ya que la dispersión fue el evento más importante para explicar la diversificación del grupo, además de que tuvo correspondencia con los eventos geológicos del continente. Las relaciones filogenéticas del grupo no fueron muy claras, pero se pudieron diferenciar tres linajes independientes en el Chocó Colombiano para C. longirostris, por lo que es posible que se estén dando adaptaciones a nivel local. Los valores de Fst fueron cercanos a 1, por lo que confirmaron que es posible se esté presentando un caso de selección direccional, por lo menos 10 para las poblaciones de C. longirostris colombianas. Las comparaciones en el espacio ambiental, si bien, no fueron concluyentes, permiten inferir que no se deben desligar los estudios ecológicos de los procesos genéticos y los patrones filogeográficos de las especies. Se recomienda, además, incluir más información genética que cubra un mayor rango de distribución para cada especie, sumado a una mayor diversidad de genes.spa
dc.description.tableofcontents1. INTRODUCCIÓN .............................................................................................. 15spa
dc.description.tableofcontents2. OBJETIVOS ...................................................................................................... 21spa
dc.description.tableofcontents2.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL ................................................................................ 21spa
dc.description.tableofcontents2.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS ........................................................................ 21spa
dc.description.tableofcontents3. MARCO TEÓRICO Y ESTADO DEL ARTE ..................................................... 22spa
dc.description.tableofcontents3.1 sobre el grupo de estudio ............................................................................ 22spa
dc.description.tableofcontents3.2 Biogeografía ................................................................................................ 16spa
dc.description.tableofcontents3.2.1 Biogeografía histórica………………………………………………………. 23spa
dc.description.tableofcontents3.3 Biogeografía histórica aplicada a anfibios en el neotrópico ......................... 24spa
dc.description.tableofcontents3.4 El nicho ecológico ....................................................................................... 25spa
dc.description.tableofcontents3.4.1 Conservadurismo de nicho ecológico .................................................... 25spa
dc.description.tableofcontents3.4.2 Similaridad y equivalencia de nicho ....................................................... 26spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4. DISEÑO METODOLOGICO .............................................................................. 27spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4.1 GRUPO DE ESTUDIO………………………………………………………….. 27spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4.2 AREA DE ESTUDIO ................................................................................... 27spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4.3 METODOLOGÍA ......................................................................................... 28spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4.3.1 Obtención de secuencias ...................................................................... 28spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4.3.2 Reconstrucción Filogenética y estimación de tiempos de divergencia . 30spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4.3.3 Reconstrucción de áreas ancestrales ................................................... 30spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4.3.4 Análisis filogeográfico preliminar de especies de amplia distribución en el grupo de especies C. fitzingeri: Craugastor longirostris un estudio de caso….32spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4.3.5 Modelos de nicho…………………………………………………………….33spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4.3.5.1 Registros de presencia y variables ambientales…………………33spa
dc.description.tableofcontents4.3.5.2 Test de similaridad y equivalencia de nicho………………………33spa
dc.description.tableofcontents5. RESULTADOS Y DISCUSIÓN ......................................................................... 35spa
dc.description.tableofcontents5.1 Análisis filogenético y tiempos de divergencia ................................... 35spa
dc.description.tableofcontents5.2 Biogeografía histórica ............................................................................ 37spa
dc.description.tableofcontents5.3 Craugastor longirostris: un estudio de caso ....................................... 41spa
dc.description.tableofcontents5.4 Test de similaridad y equivalencia de nicho ........................................ 44spa
dc.description.tableofcontents6. CONCLUSIONES ........................................................................................... 41spa
dc.description.tableofcontents7. RECOMENDACIONES ..................................................................................... 49spa
dc.description.tableofcontents8. BIBLIOGRAFIA ................................................................................................ 50spa
dc.format.mimetypeapplication/pdfspa
dc.identifier.urihttps://repositorio.unicordoba.edu.co/handle/ucordoba/6955
dc.language.isospaspa
dc.publisher.facultyFacultad de Ciencias Básicasspa
dc.publisher.placeMontería, Córdoba, Colombiaspa
dc.publisher.programBiologíaspa
dc.rightsCopyright Universidad de Córdoba, 2023spa
dc.rights.accessrightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessspa
dc.rights.creativecommonsAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)spa
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/spa
dc.subject.keywordsDiversificationeng
dc.subject.keywordsBiogeographyeng
dc.subject.keywordsPhylogenyeng
dc.subject.keywordsAmphibianseng
dc.subject.keywordsNicheeng
dc.subject.proposalDiversificaciónspa
dc.subject.proposalBiogeografíaspa
dc.subject.proposalFilogeniaspa
dc.subject.proposalAnfibiosspa
dc.subject.proposalNichospa
dc.titleUtilizando biogeografía histórica y modelos de nicho ecológico para analizar la diversificación del grupo de especies Craugastor Fitzingerispa
dc.typeTrabajo de grado - Pregradospa
dc.type.coarhttp://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_7a1fspa
dc.type.contentTextspa
dc.type.driverinfo:eu-repo/semantics/bachelorThesisspa
dc.type.redcolhttps://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/TPspa
dc.type.versioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/submittedVersionspa
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