Envíos recientes

El bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae es una especie endémica de Colombia, se le considera la principal especie de la pesquería continental colombiana por sus volúmenes de captura y relevancia para la economía de los pescadores. Además, se le considera una especie de importancia para la piscicultura de seguridad alimentaria; pero su cultivo se caracteriza por el uso de grandes espejos de agua con bajo desempeño productivo. Se siembra a densidades menores de 1 pez/m2 y es común su cultivo asociado con especies omnívoras como cachamas (Colossoma macropomum, Piaractus brachypomus y Piaractus orinoquensis) y tilapias (Oreochromis niloticus y Oreochromis spp). En un intento por su intensificación se evaluó su cultivo con la tecnología biofloc (BFT); para lo cual se evaluaron tres densidades de siembra (5,10, 20 peces/m3) durante diez meses. Los resultados sugieren que la densidad de siembra influyó en su crecimiento, mientras que la sobrevivencia estuvo por encima del 80% en todos los tratamientos. El bocachico durante el cultivo se mantuvo en el fondo del tanque de cultivo donde se identificó materia orgánica e inorgánica de color oscuro parecido al lodo que se genera en los estanques de cultivos en tierra; lo cual sugiere que el comportamiento alimenticio de la especie pudo incidir en la baja formación de los flóculos, cuyos valores fueron inferiores a los usualmente reportados en BFT. Se concluye que el cultivo de bocachico es posible en BFT, pero se requieren más investigaciones para ajustar la especie a este sistema intensivo de cultivo.

In Colombia, agricultural activities are a source of economic importance; however, it has a negative impact on people's health and ecosystems in the area. In the department of Córdoba, there are reports about the presence of pesticides in soils, water, and sediments (Marrugo et al, 2010). Moreover, there are reports of two studies from 2015 and 2016 in infant populations associated with agriculturalareas, where cytogenetic damage was evaluated through the use of the Comet Assay, Micronucleus test and presence of pesticide metabolites in the urine reporting a higher frequency of damage in relation to the control sample. The municipality of San Pelayo has an area of 447.6 km2, in which the rural area is represented by 99.2% of the populations. This makes almost the whole land dedicated to cattle raising and agriculture, exposing its inhabitants and children to live with many of these hazardous waste. Objective. To evaluate the cytogenetic damage caused by exposure to pesticides in children between the ages of 5 and 15 years old living in agricultural areas in the municipality of San Pelayo, Córdoba, Colombia. Materials and Methods. Peripheral blood and urine samples were taken from children living in the areas associated with the crop and children from the city of Monteria as a control group. The pesticide exposure evaluation was done through the exposure of biomarkers (Atrazine urinary concentration (ATZ) and its metabolites) and biomarkers of cytogenetic damage (frequency of micronuclei (MN) and Comet Assay (EC). Results. Measurable concentrations of ATZ and / or its metabolites were found, as well as a higher frequency of MN and DNA damage was evidenced in the parameters evaluated of blood samples taken in Pelayito in relation to the control. Significant positive associations were registered between the presence of urinary metabolites and micronucleus frequency (r = 0.368, p <0.05) and the DNA damage index (r = 0.374, p <0.05) Conclusions. Children are exposed to one of the most widely used pesticides in Pelayito, showing a positive relationship with cytogenetic damage biomarkers (MN and EC), comparing them with the control group. Putting children's health in risk. Furthermore, the results can be useful in the implementation of public health protection policies and scientific communities. This is the first study of DNA damage in children and the evaluation of mutagenicity in children of San Pelayo associated with an agricultural area.

In this paper, an analysis of the issuance of bonds in Colombia between 2019 and the first semester of 2021 is developed, in the first instance the issue of the fixed income market is addressed highlighting its main characteristics, in the second place, the entire related topic is developed With the issuance of bonds and the subjects that intervene in the placement process, in third place the types of bonds and the way in which they are negotiated in the national financial market are classified and characterized. In a fourth stage, the data on the issuance of bonds during 2019, 2020 and the first semester of 2021 is addressed, highlighting the main issuing companies during this season, identifying which are the main economic sectors that participate in the issuance of these income securities. fixed. Ultimately, the nation's foreign debt represented inbond issuance and the main foreign debt bondholders are analyzed.

Safety and Health at Work is the discipline in charge of the prevention of accidents and diseases caused by working conditions, their promotion, protection and maintenance of the physical, mental and social well-being of workers and their families, in order to minimize or eliminate risk factors and conditions that endanger safety and health at work. (DECREE 1443, 2014) With the issuance of Law 1562 of 2012, the system of occupational hazards in Colombia was modified, the concept of occupational health was changed for safety and health at work to be in tune with the denomination in the international context, later regulatory standards were issued that established the obligation to design and implement an occupational health and safety management system in companies, which is a process based on continuous improvement with the aim of anticipating, recognizing, evaluating and controlling the risks that may affect the occupational health and safety. The research is of a documentary type and its general objective was to carry out a comparative analysis of occupational safety and health in Colombia with the international context, obtaining the results that are presented in this monograph, namely: In relation to international laws, Colombia is at an intermediate level, its management system allows it to comply with the requirement of safe work, although it is a little behind other countries such as the United States, which its internationally known OSHA law has allowed Colombia regulate aspects related to work in confined spaces or like Spain, with its laws on its centralization, disclosure and control or with British standards, which gave rise to the Occupational Health and Safety Management System. 13 Compared to other countries such as Uruguay, which is a Latin American country like Colombia, its regulation, implementation and monitoring of policies are more backward and less decentralized, its regulations are outdated and its policies do not cover the real needs of the country.

The health sector is one of the most important sectors in Colombia, so implementing technological innovation alternatives guarantees its strengthening in the market. In this way, this monograph has as its main objective to present the strategies in terms of technological innovation implemented in the IPS of the health sector in Colombia, which contribute to the growth and strengthening of these companies. Through an exhaustive review of the literature, great technological advances were found not only in the biotechnological and pharmacological field, but also in advances in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, improvements in the organization and provision of the medical health service, new information systems, among other technological innovations that provide the IPS with the opportunity to guarantee improvements in the provision of health services to their patients.