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The current work aims to analyze the adoption of reverse logistics in Colombian companies, for this, three stages were developed, the first is composed of the main characteristics of reverse logistics and the importance it has for the environment and development of the industry, this section also describes the modalities under which this technique can be implemented; in the second stage of the project, the most used reverse logistics practices worldwide and the success stories of some multinationals that use this type of alternatives to improve their processes are exposed; in the last stage, some Colombian sectors and companies that apply reverse logistics are detailed to contribute to the reduction of solid waste in the country, such as the food industry, the plastic industry, the cardboard and paper sector, and companies dedicated to the sale of electronic products. For the development of the project, the technique called documentary review was used, which consisted of the investigation of information related to the conceptual components and the practices of reverse logistics; this process was carried out in the academic databases that were available to researchers and that allowed to collect, analyze and interpret the most relevant information

This monograph is carried out in order to carry out an analysis of the different strategies framed in financial management that were implemented by the representatives or owners of restaurants in the city of Montería due to the economic and financial havoc caused by the COVID pandemic. 19, as a conclusion after the diagnosis made, people transformed their lives with the arrival of this virus and with that change the fear of leaving their homes to join places like restaurants intensified, so that people changed their customs and everything this undoubtedly affected the development and growth of the gastronomic sector. To reach this conclusion, a survey was taken as an evaluative instrument in which a general diagnosis is made on what were the strategies used to survive, and maintain the flow of money from the businesses. This analysis shows as a result that most restaurants reduced their income by almost half, in other cases more than 70%, which forced them to close and lay off their employees. After data analysis, a series of recommendations are made based on financial management in order to contribute to economic recovery.

The purpose of this paper is to expose the digital marketing strategies implemented in the four main telecommunications companies in Colombia, América Móvil, which operates under the name of Claro, Une with its operator Tigo, Telefónica under the operator Movistar and Partners Telecom with its WOM operator. To fulfill the proposed objective, three chapters were developed; the first recognizes the conceptual elements of digital marketing, its importance, origin and defines the most representative techniques in the current market; the second chapter describes the main characteristics of the telecommunications industry worldwide, how it has led the adoption of the Internet and digital marketing in its operations, and briefly describes the organizations under study, their importance for the Colombian industry and its contribution of value to the country's economy; finally, the digital marketing strategies implemented by the main Colombian telecommunications companies are studied, the ways in which they achieve rapprochement with their audience and the type of information they share with greater recurrence, and a comparison of some metrics in social networks is made, which allow identifying the company with the highest number of followers, reactions, interactions, times shared, among others.

Con el auge de la tecnología, el marketing digital se ha convertido en un pilar fundamental para las organizaciones que buscan posicionarse en el mercado, es así, como muchas de ellas aprovecharon la contingencia generada por la Pandemia decretada por el Covid-19 en el mundo para fortalecer sus procesos digitales. Es por esto, que la presente monografía se enfocó en estudiar las estrategias digitales que ha implementado el Grupo Empresarial Éxito desde el año 2016 al año 2020, arrojando resultados muy positivos y logrando posicionarse por su transformación digital. Lo que generó buenos resultados en cifras de ventas, fortalecimiento del omnicanal, aumento del número de vendedores en el Marketplace, aumento en las descargas de las aplicaciones móviles, entre otras estrategias que llevaron a este grupo Empresarial a mantenerse en el mercado.

In Colombia, most of the exports correspond to mining-energy and agricultural products, mainly hydrocarbons, coal, coffee, flowers, bananas and beef. In addition, it has products from the agricultural sector with the potential to improve its exports, such as cassava, which is one of the most cultivated agricultural products worldwide and nationally. Córdoba is one of the departments with the highest production of beef and cassava, which also exports 90% of the country's beef. Therefore, this monograph analyzes the exports of beef and cassava from the department of Córdoba, in order to establish their behavior and define opportunities to increase their participation, through the study of the panorama of international trade in terms of the production and sale of bovine meat and cassava, the determination of the behavior of the exports of the products at the national level and the department of Córdoba during 2017 and 2021.

En el presente documento se encuentra condensada la propuesta de revisión bibliografía sobre el análisis de las exportaciones de productos agrícolas en el departamento de Córdoba durante el periodo 2016 a 2021, que pretende extender el cumulo de conocimientos respecto a los factores que permitan identificar si el departamento de Córdoba representa un pilar en materia económica desde el sector agrícola. Para el desarrollo de la presente revisión bibliográfica, se propone el uso esencial de fuentes confiables, y de carácter solido sobre el sector agrícola, ya que, para realizar un análisis apropiado del tema, se requiere de una base de datos e información que sea acorde a la realidad y permita entender la originalidad, particularidad y veracidad de las problemáticas que se encuentren en torno al tema. Por otra parte, se enmarca, el carácter de este estudio, para determinar la naturaleza y origen de la información teórica que se tomará como referencia para estructurar un escrito. Por tanto, se acompañará de un cronograma que muestra la forma en cómo se evolucionará en la presente indagación para dar con las fuentes, resultados y deducciones necesarias para hacer un análisis a cabalidad.

Exchanges between countries and the growing need for basic products for production have evolved in relation to the way in which they have been doing since they have knowledge about this type of contracts, currently they present a strict regulation and standardized that allow the participation of investors reducing the risk of default and giving rise to the emergence of new investment strategies for companies and the creation of new underlying alternatives of negotiation such as financial derivatives of options The importance of the financial derivatives of options for trading in international markets is a way in which rights are established for buyers and sellers on the future production of goods necessary for the domestic production of nations. The trading systems currently created facilitate transactions and capital flows thanks to the regulation established by each of the countries creating the procedures and entities authorized to carry out operations with financial derivatives of options as well as the strengthening of a connected financial system with other markets. Know the form that each one of the stock exchanges establishes about the financial derivatives of options to create investment strategies that favor both the buyers who insure the product as well as for the sellers that have greater certainty of the price and price quote. possible purchase of your product in the future.

In this monography, one of the technical indicators used for the study and analysis of the forex market is presented which constitutes a fundamental technical tool, when operating in it, this indicator is called the Relative Strength Index or RSI; In the same way, through a study the behavior of the EURO and STERLING POUND currencies are analyzed, in compared to the socio-political events related to Brexit during the period (2016-2019). Some other Features such as the concept, its use and calculation are also described, as well as graphic examples that facilitate the understanding of this trend indicator. In addition, this paper also describes the United Kingdom leaving from the European Union, better known as “BREXIT as well as its definition, causes, effects and how this event has generated an impact on the movement of the prices of this currency pair.

This work aims to analyze the operation of the future financial derivatives market in Colombia during the first semester of 2021. For this, a compilation monograph is developed where both qualitative and quantitative data are collected and analyzed through documentary review, using as sources main online documents, texts, articles and academic works in relation to the subject under study, as well as monthly derivatives reports, obtained from the web portal of the Colombian Stock Exchange and the institutional web site of Banco de la República (BVC). Initially, the generalities of the main financial derivatives in the country are identified, later the behavior of the futures market in the Colombian Stock Exchange is examined in the period between January and May 2021 and finally the market of non-standardized OTC derivatives is characterized (Over the Counter) to establish a comparison with the BVC's organized derivatives market.

The objective of this work is to analyze the impact of the Value Added Tax - VAT on the family basket of households and/or families in the city of Ciénaga de Oro, Colombia. This will be done based on the corresponding bibliographic review and supported with the information obtained through the application of a household survey in that city. The results reveal low labor income of the households in Ciénaga de Oro, which leads to restrictions in consumption deepened by the VAT burden. In addition to the above, a low educational level of the heads of households was observed, and 41.3% of them were unaware of the topic of consumption taxes, and within the group that indicates that they are aware of this topic, 84.3% perceive the negative impact of VAT on consumption, which is why this population considers that it negatively affects their welfare and quality of life and therefore agree that this tax should be eliminated through a tax reform. It is therefore concluded that training programs on this issue should be carried out, as well as an in-depth review of the impact of VAT on the family basket of strata 1 and 2 and the expansion of higher education coverage in order to enable higher labor income in low-income households.

In this paper, an analysis of the issuance of bonds in Colombia between 2019 and the first semester of 2021 is developed, in the first instance the issue of the fixed income market is addressed highlighting its main characteristics, in the second place, the entire related topic is developed With the issuance of bonds and the subjects that intervene in the placement process, in third place the types of bonds and the way in which they are negotiated in the national financial market are classified and characterized. In a fourth stage, the data on the issuance of bonds during 2019, 2020 and the first semester of 2021 is addressed, highlighting the main issuing companies during this season, identifying which are the main economic sectors that participate in the issuance of these income securities. fixed. Ultimately, the nation's foreign debt represented inbond issuance and the main foreign debt bondholders are analyzed.

El presente trabajo monográfico tiene como propósito principal realizar un estudio analítico de la participación del puerto de Rotterdam sobre la Unión Europea y el comercio internacional. Esto implica, la caracterización de varios elementos como: su ubicación, capacidad operativa, instalaciones, entre otros. Además, de su participación al promover el crecimiento y expansión de la economía, comercio y logística de EU, a través de la movilización de cargas, tanto en Países Bajos como a nivel mundial. Por lo cual, se llevó a cabo una revisión documental, sobre los puertos, tipos, clasificaciones, mercancías y otros aspectos que complementaron el material investigado, utilizando diferentes tipos de fuentes primarias y secundarias como páginas oficiales de los puertos y noticias de actualidad, con el fin de abarcar los objetivos planteado en este trabajo.

El poder establecer los comportamientos de los tipos de cambios es una tarea que requiere de un análisis y estructuración de manera adecuada esto debido a la extensa cantidad de variables que existen y que pueden influir en el comportamiento de dichos tipos de cambio, los cuales van desde parámetros macroeconómicos hasta geopolíticos los cuales pueden afectar a las diversas economías que tienen una alta dependencia de estas monedas extranjeras. Ante ello se hace necesario que se trate de establecer acciones y estrategias para buscar anteponerse a estos cambios y prepararse sobre los mismos en materia económica dependiendo de la perspectiva en que sea abordada, puesto que los roles de desarrollo empresarial y personal se ven influenciados por dichos tipos de cambio, los cuales repercuten de manera directa en elementos como la inflación, el costo de productos importados y el poder adquisitivo mismo de la moneda del peso Colombiano. Es por ello por lo que el presente trabajo consistió en hacer un análisis de estos comportamientos y poder establecer los factores de cambio que afectaron la volatilidad de los mismos, para estos se utilizaron las herramientas de análisis técnico basado en técnicas como las medias móviles, gráficos de velas y los indicadores de bandas de bollinguer, MACD y RSI dando como resultado una volatilidad en torno a los cambios producidos por la pandemia del coronavirus.

It has always been a desire of the market professionals to try to predict the price of the assets that are traded in the different markets of the world creating tools of fundamental analysis and technical analysis, the latter aims by observing the behavior of the graphics Repetitive events of these to try to establish patterns that are met after a certain period of time. The behavior pattern of the graph through observation allows to identify the moment of entering or leaving a certain position of purchase or sale based on the analysis of the possible repetition of the pattern. Also know the different types of graphics, such as bar charts, Japanese candlesticks and the identification of what expresses each of them to make an investment decision. Added to the statistical indicators and oscillators applied to the historical price quotation with established periods of time that facilitate the analysis and the projection of the investment in order to obtain the highest profitability assuming lower risks. The technical analysis will be analyzed analyzing the historical behavior of the price through the trend of short, medium and long term, the channels of tendency, support, resistance, double roof patterns, double floor, triple roof, shoulder-head-shoulder, pull back, throwback, wedges, pennants, fibonaci retracements, simple and exponential moving averages, relative strength index, convergence-divergence indexes and bollinger bands.

This assignment shows a contemplation from the particular to the general currency market and the use of Elliott Waves when trading, applying this theory in the behavior of the Eur / Usd in the first half of 2019, analyzing main features such as its operation and volume, because according to this theory the market moves in repetitive patterns called Ondas and is one of the most accepted and used technical analysis systems. In addition to practical and simple examples that will provide a better understanding of these tools for the study and practice of trading. It also shows possible behaviors in the eur/usd in the future, since the main objective of the trader is to identify the presence of the wave formations, being possible through technical and fundamental analysis to have a much more accurate view of the future currency behavior in some period of time, and to be able to monetize our capital as much as possible. Finally, a prediction is made of how the future market might behave as such, a specific analysis putting into practice everything related to Elliott Waves theory, which has important rules that if followed carefully and appropriate will have been taken the first step in incorporating Elliott's unalterable principles when trading; these basic rules are not so useful for revealing where the market is going, but rather to tell where the market is less feasible to go.

The main purpose of this documentary research has been to identify the advances and limitations that intervene in the adoption of electronic commerce by the agricultural sector. Consequently, some studies and documented reflections on this topic have been reviewed, developed from a theoretical and empirical point of view, in which the theories of technology adoption are reflected. Electronic commerce or e-commerce advances at a fleeting speed, with constant increases both in the number of daily transactions carried out through this medium, as well as in revenue volumes; becoming a current phenomenon of great importance and increasingly replacing traditional trade. All economic sectors worldwide have felt the changes when generating profits, which is why many of them are prepared to generate new alternatives in offering their goods and services. One of the sectors with the greatest variety and which has been somewhat complex adapted to the new purchasing mechanisms is the Agricultural Sector. With this degree work we will present the main advances and delimitations that electronic commerce has generated in the Colombian agricultural sector, since this country is one of the strongest in activities belonging to this sector. Keywords: sectors, electronic commerce, social networks, economy, domestic product.

En retrospectiva a lo anterior, el presente trabajo monográfico de tipo cualitativo tiene por objeto analizar los beneficios que podrían generar los proyectos portuarios en el Golfo de Urabá al comercio exterior de la región y el país, mediante una revisión bibliográfica de revistas, artículos, libros y documentos. De modo de, determinar los aspectos de infraestructura y de capacidad operativa de Puerto Antioquia, Puerto Pisisí y Darien International Port, y así compararlos con el de los principales muelles del país para determinar los beneficios. La realización de esta monografía permitirá conocer a los productores antioqueños y del país las ventajas o facilidades que podrían percibir con la infraestructura portuaria del Golfo de Urabá, en cuanto a logística y costos para la comercialización de bienes fuera del país, dado que, el envío de mercancía a través de los principales puertos de Colombia genera sobrecostos en el flete. Así mismo, la información suministrada comprende los fines del Plan Nacional de Desarrollo respecto a la obra portuaria en la subregión antioqueña, por lo que se detallaran los aportes en cuanto a la facilitación y la competitividad por la movilización de mercancías desde el Golfo de Urabá a otros países. Al igual que, los beneficios percibidos por las empresas exportadoras de Antioquia y del interior del país en cuanto a la reducción de tiempo de llegada de la carga a la zona de transporte marítimo. También, la elaboración de este documento contribuirá a la comunidad educativa universitaria con nuevo conocimiento para el aprendizaje, además que podría servir como fuente bibliográfica para el desarrollo de otras investigaciones académicas.

Esta monografía tiene por objeto dar a conocer las Buenas Prácticas Empresariales de Desarrollo Sostenible, las cuales forman parte fundamental para alcanzar los objetivos definidos en la Agenda 2030. Desde la fijación de los ODS las organizaciones empresariales han venido implementando de manera voluntaria una serie de procesos en su cadena de productiva, en aras de satisfacer las necesidades de la población actual, bajo un enfoque ético que le permita mitigar el impacto generado en el medio ambiente, sin comprometer a las generaciones futuras. A nivel latinoamericano compañías como Grupo Bimbo, Danone, Unilever, Enel Américas, Air Products & Chemicals Inc., Grupo Sura y Groncol, entre muchas otras, han entendido la importancia de su participación en la consecución de los ODS, mediante la implementación de Buenas Prácticas Empresariales de Desarrollo Sostenible, convirtiéndose en un referente para el resto de las compañías de la región. Por su parte, el caso de la ONG INTEGRASINÚ muestra claramente que aun siendo pequeño se puede pensar en grande, ya que a pesar de sus limitantes han logrado implementar satisfactoriamente las Buenas Prácticas Empresariales de Desarrollo Sostenible en sus procesos productivos, logrando un factor diferenciador que la hace más competitiva frente a otras organizaciones de su sector. The purpose of this monograph is to publicize the Good Business Practices for Sustainable Development, which are a fundamental part for achieving the objectives defined in the 2030 Agenda. Since the establishment of the ODS, business organizations have been voluntarily implementing a series of processes in its production chain, in order to meet the needs of the current population, based on an ethical approach that allows them to mitigate the impact generated on the environment, without compromising future generations. At the Latin American level, companies such as Grupo Bimbo, Danone, Unilever, Enel Américas, Air Products & Chemicals Inc., Grupo Sura and Groncol, among many others, have understood the importance of their participation in achieving the ODS, through the implementation of Good Business Practices for Sustainable Development, becoming a benchmark for other companies in the region. Meanwhile, the case of the ONG INTEGRASINÚ clearly shows that, even when being small it can be possible to think big, in spite of their limitations, they have successfully implemented Good Business Practices for Sustainable Development in their production processes, achieving a differentiating factor that makes it more competitive compared to the other organizations in this sector.

The COVID-19 pandemic was an important juncture for humanity, with a series of effects that caused changes in people's way of life and consumption; companies, as factors of change and development of the territory, were also the object of these effects, and the ways of dealing with them through strategic actions undoubtedly changed the way in which commercial relations should be conceived. The following work responds to a need to identify the known impacts of the pandemic on international commercial activity, especially with regard to supply chains, as functional structures of global trade. To this end, a contextualization of the most important aspects of trade and the international supply chain was carried out, the effects of the health crisis on various links in the supply chain were investigated, and the strategies taken to mitigate the measures of containment Once these issues were analyzed, the challenges that could be grouped into two groups were determined: those that arose during the most restrictive periods, and those that arose and must be solved in the framework of a post-COVID society. The strengthening of the last links in the chain with respect to the opening of digital channels for sales, the increase in the efficiency of the distribution of goods, and the technological investment in process automation were 3 of the elements that were most relevant in terms of aspects of change, all this within a regional integration strategy that is explained later

La constante evolución de la tecnología digital y todas las aplicaciones que hacen parte de ella han contribuido al surgimiento de nuevas empresas que, por medio de herramientas tecnológicas, ofrecen una amplia gama de productos y servicios a los consumidores; y ha dado lugar en el sector financiero a la creación del ecosistema FinTech, que ha generado una disrupción en la oferta de servicios financieros, con procesos más ágiles, flexibles, innovadores, seguros, transparentes y económicos. Teniendo en cuenta que nos encontrarnos en un entorno empresarial moderno, y que durante la última década la sociedad ha transformado su estilo de vida; gracias al desarrollo de nuevas tecnologías y en donde priman los conceptos relacionados con este asunto; es imperativo establecer una base de conocimiento que aglutine los aspectos relacionados con la Tecnología Financiera; por ello, en el presente trabajo monográfico se tratará de acercar al lector al ecosistema de empresas de base tecnológica Fintech y su contribución a los negocios internacionales; para lo cual se estudiaran los aspectos relacionados con el ecosistema Fintech, las empresas de la industria más reconocidas a nivel nacional e internacional y como este ecosistema contribuye a los negocios internacionales.