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The current work aims to analyze the adoption of reverse logistics in Colombian companies, for this, three stages were developed, the first is composed of the main characteristics of reverse logistics and the importance it has for the environment and development of the industry, this section also describes the modalities under which this technique can be implemented; in the second stage of the project, the most used reverse logistics practices worldwide and the success stories of some multinationals that use this type of alternatives to improve their processes are exposed; in the last stage, some Colombian sectors and companies that apply reverse logistics are detailed to contribute to the reduction of solid waste in the country, such as the food industry, the plastic industry, the cardboard and paper sector, and companies dedicated to the sale of electronic products. For the development of the project, the technique called documentary review was used, which consisted of the investigation of information related to the conceptual components and the practices of reverse logistics; this process was carried out in the academic databases that were available to researchers and that allowed to collect, analyze and interpret the most relevant information

The purpose of this paper is to expose the digital marketing strategies implemented in the four main telecommunications companies in Colombia, América Móvil, which operates under the name of Claro, Une with its operator Tigo, Telefónica under the operator Movistar and Partners Telecom with its WOM operator. To fulfill the proposed objective, three chapters were developed; the first recognizes the conceptual elements of digital marketing, its importance, origin and defines the most representative techniques in the current market; the second chapter describes the main characteristics of the telecommunications industry worldwide, how it has led the adoption of the Internet and digital marketing in its operations, and briefly describes the organizations under study, their importance for the Colombian industry and its contribution of value to the country's economy; finally, the digital marketing strategies implemented by the main Colombian telecommunications companies are studied, the ways in which they achieve rapprochement with their audience and the type of information they share with greater recurrence, and a comparison of some metrics in social networks is made, which allow identifying the company with the highest number of followers, reactions, interactions, times shared, among others.

In this paper, an analysis of the issuance of bonds in Colombia between 2019 and the first semester of 2021 is developed, in the first instance the issue of the fixed income market is addressed highlighting its main characteristics, in the second place, the entire related topic is developed With the issuance of bonds and the subjects that intervene in the placement process, in third place the types of bonds and the way in which they are negotiated in the national financial market are classified and characterized. In a fourth stage, the data on the issuance of bonds during 2019, 2020 and the first semester of 2021 is addressed, highlighting the main issuing companies during this season, identifying which are the main economic sectors that participate in the issuance of these income securities. fixed. Ultimately, the nation's foreign debt represented inbond issuance and the main foreign debt bondholders are analyzed.

El poder establecer los comportamientos de los tipos de cambios es una tarea que requiere de un análisis y estructuración de manera adecuada esto debido a la extensa cantidad de variables que existen y que pueden influir en el comportamiento de dichos tipos de cambio, los cuales van desde parámetros macroeconómicos hasta geopolíticos los cuales pueden afectar a las diversas economías que tienen una alta dependencia de estas monedas extranjeras. Ante ello se hace necesario que se trate de establecer acciones y estrategias para buscar anteponerse a estos cambios y prepararse sobre los mismos en materia económica dependiendo de la perspectiva en que sea abordada, puesto que los roles de desarrollo empresarial y personal se ven influenciados por dichos tipos de cambio, los cuales repercuten de manera directa en elementos como la inflación, el costo de productos importados y el poder adquisitivo mismo de la moneda del peso Colombiano. Es por ello por lo que el presente trabajo consistió en hacer un análisis de estos comportamientos y poder establecer los factores de cambio que afectaron la volatilidad de los mismos, para estos se utilizaron las herramientas de análisis técnico basado en técnicas como las medias móviles, gráficos de velas y los indicadores de bandas de bollinguer, MACD y RSI dando como resultado una volatilidad en torno a los cambios producidos por la pandemia del coronavirus.

The coronavirus pandemic posed an extremely fundamental challenge for health institutions in the world, and in the case of Colombia, this situation was no different. In order to counteract all the elements generated by the health crisis, it became necessary for the national government to adopt health measures that would allow the proper management of hospital centers and the entire network that is part of the health system. Within these elements, the health auditor also played a fundamental role, so the monographic work presented focused on exploring the health and emergency health measures implemented by the Ministry of Health to strengthen the hospital network during the virus pandemic. of COVID-19. Likewise, describing the installed capacity of public and private providers implemented in positive covid patients to finally analyze the role of the auditor in strengthening the hospital network during the COVID-19 virus pandemic. All this using a descriptive methodology under the bibliographic review technique where a series of results could be found around the administrative and health management of the national government, as well as the strategies in terms of prevention, mitigation and vaccination are currently implemented. Where it was possible to conclude that the national government, following the recommendations of the WHO, effectively developed a series of strategies and actions to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic in each of the stages related to said pandemic.

Este trabajo tiene como objeto exponer el comercio exterior colombiano y las leyes para mitigar el impacto de la pandemia por Covid-19, lo anterior teniendo en cuenta los efectos negativos del nuevo coronavirus en las importaciones y exportaciones en Colombia, producto de las restricciones insertas en las medidas de aislamiento preventivo para contener la propagación de la enfermedad. Para esto se realizó revisión de literatura asociada al estado de comercio exterior colombiano desde el año 2014 hasta el año 2019, seguidamente se presentan las principales normas emitidas en el año 2020 en materia de comercio exterior y finalmente se hace una comparación de las leyes asociadas el comercio exterior en los últimos años.

In the region of La Mojana, a serious threat to food security has been evidenced due to contamination by heavy metals, which has been evidenced in soils, water and sediments and has come to contaminate agricultural products such as rice and fish. It was proposed to evaluate the concentrations and the risk to human health of heavy metals (Mercury, Lead, Arsenic and Cadmium) in food products consumed in the region of La Mojana (Colombia). Factors associated with the consumption of food products were evaluated through a survey including socioeconomic data, and frequency of food consumption. 7,645 samples of cereal food products, meats, fruits, vegetables, milk, and tubers were collected. Mercury concentration was determined using a direct mercury analyzer (Mylestone DMA Tri Cell). The arsenic concentration was quantified with the hydride generator atomic absorption spectrometry (HGAAS) method. The concentration of cadmium and lead were quantified with graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GFAAS). The order as a function of the mean concentrations of heavy metals was Pb = 635.25, As 179.87, Cd = 57.19 and Hg = 19.52 in food products. Vegetables shows a tendency to higher concentrations of heavy metals studied compared to the rest of food products. The food products with the highest daily intake were milk and cereals (ID = 0.35; 0.25 respectively). The EDI values decreased in the following order Cereals> Fruits> Vegetables> Tubers> Milk> Meats> Eggs. The consumption of cereals and milk are the most important contributors to the total intake of As within the food products studied. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risk values of the total intake evaluated were above the maximum permissible level (HQHg = 5.004; HQCd = 1.82; HQAs = 6.24; HQPb = 1.05). Heavy metals should be monitored in the La Mojana region and strategies should be implemented in food consumption to minimize the associated risk.

This research is framed in the social sciences, whenever displacement is a global, national, regional and departmental phenomenon, which affects the social fabric of the territory and configures it over time. It is supported by the general theory of migration and forced migration, conflict and violence, and the conceptualization of territoriality. The objective is to analyze the dynamics of forced displacement caused by the conflict that occurred in Alto Sinú (1995-2018), to understand the territorial configuration. In this research, quantitative data on displaced persons (in the south of Córdoba and Urabá, Antioquia) from the Single Registry of Victims discussed, with qualitative information collected in the documentary review and the application of interviews and semi-structured surveys of displaced persons, referring to the writing of the geophysical factors (bodies of water and biodiversity of ecosystems), economic (legal and illegal activities) and politics (territorial dispute), which affected the forced displacement of Alto Sinú between 1995 and 2018; to the relationship of the demographic characteristics of the displaced (ages and sex) and spatial (geostrategic corridors) of Tierralta and Valencia, with the dynamics of forced displacement, and the description of the territories occupied by them in the time period studied. Thus, a timeline was constructed in four changes: 1995-2001 (greater violence after generating 69,235 displaced persons in Alto Sinú), 2002-2008 (43,921 displaced persons after demobilization in 2004, and subsequent distribution of dissent from the AUC), 2009-2014 (20,469 displaced in Alto Sinú with the strengthening of military operations) and 2015-2018 (decrease in displaced persons with 3,866 cases due to the demobilization of the FARC). Thus, the largest displaced were the age groups of 18 to 28 years, and 29 to 60 years, with 51% of women standing out. In addition, the cartography was prepared on the displaced in the South of Córdoba and Urabá in each period and on urban spaces (human settlement on August 9, neighborhoods on January 20, Las Marías and Villa del Río urbanization) and rural areas (11 resettlements) and 3 relocations), which were shaped

Objective To determine simultaneous circulation of DENV serotypes and ZIKV in Córdoba, Colombia, during 2015 and 2016. Material and methods A total of 294 samples from patients with clinical diagnosis of febrile syndrome compatible with dengue were collected between June 2015 and December 2016. All samples were tested for DENV and ZIKV by RT-PCR using C6/36 cells culture supernatant. Results Thirty-three percent of the samples were positive (97/294); from these, 61.8% were positive for DENV and 31% were positive for Zika. The predominant serotype was DENV-2 (70.1%), followed by DENV-3 (8.9%), DENV-4 (6%), and DENV-1 (3%). DENV/ZIKV coinfection was identified in 7.2% of the cases associated with DENV-2 and DENV-4 serotypes. The confirmed cases of dengue, Zika, and DENV/ZIKV coinfections were clinically mild and self-limited. Conclusions We reported the co-circulation of all four DENV serotypes, with a higher frequency of DENV-2. ZIKV introduction in Córdoba department-Colombia in August 2015 favored the appearance of DENV/ZIKV coinfections.